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The effects of several preemergence herbicides at various rates were tested on bearing Redblush' grapefruit trees and non-bearing Navel orange trees. Some of the preemergence herbicides caused foliar injury symptoms on the trees including Hyvar X Diuron, and Krovar I although they did not cause significant yield reductions in the short time period of this experiment. Several herbicides including Solicam, Surflan, and Prowl did not cause foliar injury or reduce yield and provided good weed control for various lengths of time. The Prowl treatments provided the longest period of weed control in the experiment on bearing grapefruit trees.

When applied early-postemergence, Milestone at 0.75 and 1.0 lbs-ai/A provided excellent control of summer annual grasses and broadleaf weed for as long as 4 months, equivalent to Karmex. Princep and Krovar also provided good weed control but appeared to offer slightly shorter residual against some broadleaf species. Solicam, although it provided good weed control, particularly of the grasses, was the weakest material evaluated in this trial. Although Karmex is notorious for causing crop injury on the sandy soils of the Yuma Mesa, we did not detect any injury from this herbicide or any others in this trial.

The effect of Roundup on lemon trees was evaluated by repeatedly spraying 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 lb. a.i./acre on the bottom 20 to 24 inches of the tree canopies over a three year period. The Roundup applications caused significant leaf injury in the sprayed area of the canopies and there was also significant defoliation of branches at the higher Roundup rates in all three years of the study. In 1996, flower and fruitlet counts were not affected by the Roundup applications and the 1998 data were inconclusive. However, flower and fruitlet counts in 1997 in the sprayed zone of the canopy were significantly reduced by Roundup and the effect increased with increasing Roundup rate. The 1996 and 1997 yield data indicated that Roundup applied to the bottom 20 to 24 inches of the tree canopies did not significantly affect lemon yield. The preliminary data suggest that accidental drift or misapplication of Roundup on to lemon trees when spraying weeds on the orchard floor has no short-term effect on grove productivity.

Two field studies were conducted to evaluate metolachlor (Dual®) for preemergence weed control in spinach to provide support to gain registration through the IR-4 program. Dual® at 1.0 to 1.5 lb a.i./A gave acceptable control of London rocket, black mustard, lambsquarters, and knotweed. Nettleleaf goosefoot, cheeseweed, and yellow sweetclover control was not acceptable. In one test, dimethenamid (Frontier® or SAN -582H, Sandoz) controlled London rocket, lambsquarters, knotweed, and goosefoot at 0.25 lb ai. /A and did not control cheeseweed or sweetclover. Spinach was not injured by Dual® or Frontier®.