The 1988 Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement and GATT decision radically altered the trading regime between the two countries. Historically wellinsulated from a competitive environment, there was concern that the British Columbia wine industry would not be able to compete under the new trading rules outlined within the Free Trade Agreement and resulting from the GATT decision that once imported, all products were to be afforded national treatment. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not the industry is better off under the Free Trade Agreement with respect to profits and the ability to compete head on with imports. A benchmark situation covering producer organization/market structure, prices, production and profitability portrays an industry prior to the Free Trade Agreement that is profitable, however, the profitability appears to be based on the fact that the B.C. government was protecting the industry against foreign wine producers. Section 4.0 of the study outlines the trade related factors; policy and procedural changes. Details of industry policy, the FTA, GATT ruling, and interprovincial barriers are discussed with a graphical analysis of the impact of B.C.'s domestic policies on the international market. Section 5.0 studies the industry changes as a result of Section 4.0. Changes in pricing, production (domestic and imported), industry sales and revenue, profitability and marketing strategies lead to the conclusions presented in Section 6.0. The conclusions of the analysis support the hypothesis that the B.C. wine industry is at least as profitable as it was prior to the policy changes and its growth suggests that the most profitable segments of the industry are the premium estate and farm winery segments. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis explores the innovation and development of the Canadian wine industry. The main objectives are to present the key development factors, innovation, and collaborations, with particular emphasis on collaborations with higher education institutes. It also empirically assesses the extent to which there are differences among the wine producing regions of British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. The empirical analysis is based on a firm-level survey of 146 firms. The results show that the Canadian wine production is highly innovative and knowledge intensive. Despite that the wine industry in Canada has developed differently according to its regional context, the pattern of innovation is rather similar among firms.

Ineffective marketing strategies can negatively impact business competitive advantage. Small business owners who struggle to maintain a competitive advantage are at high risk of failure. Grounded in the technology acceptance model, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore social media marketing strategies small business leaders in the wine industry use to promote brand awareness and maximize competitive advantage. The population comprised 5 small business leaders employed with 4 wineries in the wine industry in Michigan, who effectively used social media marketing strategies to promote brand awareness and maximize competitive advantage. Data were collected from semistructured interviews, company documents, and company social media platforms. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three themes emerged: customer engagement strategy, social media platform strategy, and targeted market strategy. The implications for positive social change include the potential for small business leaders in the wine industry to create jobs and support the economic development of the regional communities.

Several studies have examined the business case of corporate sustainability and responsibility (CSR) but there is less evidence which demonstrates the lasting positive impact of CSR on society. This exploratory study examines the perceptions of business responsibility in the wine industry from the social perspective. Bound by the legacies of slavery, the Cape wine industry has been shaped by unequal social, racial and cultural dynamics of power since the 1600s. The qualitative research approach adopted was designed so as to draw out insights from key decision-makers via nine semi-structured interviews. Positioned within a holistic framework, and drawing upon systems thinking, this research produced a number of key findings. Firstly, there is some evidence of systemic CSR in the dataset; firms placed explicit emphasis on the training and upskilling of previously marginalised groups, and took collective responsibility for solving social problems. There were examples of business creativity in establishing share schemes, although the success of these in remedying deep structural inequalities remains unclear. Secondly, the findings provide evidence of paternalistic behaviours on wine estates operating within existing hegemonic power structures. The participants’ experiences of social initiatives largely equates to the empowerment of community groups via specific benevolent projects. The main conclusion drawn is that CSR in the Winelands commonly manifests as a mutation of entrenched paternalism, and thus is not a substitute for broader structural reform.

With the rise of awareness of climate change, sustainable development has become a recurring topic in discussions concerning global development, the environment, and society. Packaging has long been a part of a ‘take-make-dispose’ linear model that has caused damage to our ecosystem and has led to the search for more sustainable alternatives. While literature relating to sustainable packaging processes exists, there is an absence of knowledge on which packaging processes are being applied, and how. Given that the French wine industry is prestigious and takes pride in tradition and quality, the question of transitioning to more sustainable packaging processes merits further research.  The purpose of this paper is to study the gap between the range of sustainable packaging approaches that are theoretically suggested in the literature and the approaches that are practically applied within organisations by exploring how and why packaging processes are integrated into the supply chain, in the French wine industry.  This research is qualitative and adopts the interpretivism paradigm. Primary data is collected through semi-structured interviews with players that occupy all the positions along the French wine industry’s packaging supply chain.  The findings show that sustainable packaging approaches are not being integrated into the supply chains in the French wine industry. (1) There are no realistic solutions available or track record to be followed. (2) The focus is still set on having clear economic benefits which the current sustainable packaging alternatives do not offer. (3) The long loop of circular economy is being used, which is based on recycling. (4) A need for collective awareness is needed, as well as a desire to change, for sustainable packaging processes to be integrated into the supply chain.

No description available.

Until the introduction of the trade liberalization initiatives of 1989, the wine producers of British Columbia appeared to have operated in an environment that fostered less than competitive behaviour. Two factors in particular may have been responsible for creating such an environment: (1) the structure of the industry was inherently oligopolistic; and (2) protection from foreign competition was afforded by the British Columbia government in the form of a wine policy that effectively created non-tariff trade barriers against foreign wine producers. This study econometrically tests the hypothesis that British Columbia wine producers behaved non-competitively during the years 1957 to 1986. A model of the British Columbia wine industry is developed and used to estimate the degree of non-competitive pricing behaviour in the industry, and tests are undertaken to determine whether the estimate of behaviour is consistent with competitive or with other well known behavioral specifications. the main structural components of the industry are described in a model of oligopolistic behaviour using a linear system of equations, in which both demand and pricing equations appear. The parameters which affect each of these equations are estimated using the appropriate estimation technique. The econometric results, and the subsequent statistical tests, support the hypothesis that the domestic wine industry in British Columbia operated in a non-competitive manner between 1957 and 1986. Specifically, the hypothesis of competitive behaviour is statistically rejected, whereas, the hypotheses of Cournot and collusive-type behaviour could not be rejected. These results suggest that British Columbia consumers may have been sacrificing to firms at least a portion of the surplus they would have obtained in a perfectly competitive industry. In addition, it appears that the wine policy of the provincial government helped create a non-competitive industry that will likely have difficulty competing in today's global market for wine.

Until the introduction of the trade liberalization initiatives of 1989, the wine producers of British Columbia appeared to have operated in an environment that fostered less than competitive behaviour. Two factors in particular may have been responsible for creating such an environment: (1) the structure of the industry was inherently oligopolistic; and (2) protection from foreign competition was afforded by the British Columbia government in the form of a wine policy that effectively created non-tariff trade barriers against foreign wine producers. This study econometrically tests the hypothesis that British Columbia wine producers behaved non-competitively during the years 1957 to 1986. A model of the British Columbia wine industry is developed and used to estimate the degree of non-competitive pricing behaviour in the industry, and tests are undertaken to determine whether the estimate of behaviour is consistent with competitive or with other well known behavioral specifications. the main structural components of the industry are described in a model of oligopolistic behaviour using a linear system of equations, in which both demand and pricing equations appear. The parameters which affect each of these equations are estimated using the appropriate estimation technique. The econometric results, and the subsequent statistical tests, support the hypothesis that the domestic wine industry in British Columbia operated in a non-competitive manner between 1957 and 1986. Specifically, the hypothesis of competitive behaviour is statistically rejected, whereas, the hypotheses of Cournot and collusive-type behaviour could not be rejected. These results suggest that British Columbia consumers may have been sacrificing to firms at least a portion of the surplus they would have obtained in a perfectly competitive industry. In addition, it appears that the wine policy of the provincial government helped create a non-competitive industry that will likely have difficulty competing in today's global market for wine. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Thesis (MScEng (Chemical Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / 304 leaves single sided printed,preliminary pages i-xxii and numberd pages 1-282. Includes bibliography,list of figures and tables, used a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR) 57pages contain figures in color.Digitized at 300 dpi 24-bit Color to pdf format (OCR),used a Hp Scanjet 8250 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ecosystems and natural water sources are constantly under threat from pollutants and all efforts should be made to minimise polluting factors. In the last decade growing concern has been expressed with regard to the environmental threat posed by wastewater produced by wineries and distilleries. Research into winery wastewater commenced in the early nineties mainly in Australia and France. These investigations characterised winery wastewater, indicating a large diversity in quality and quantity between wastewaters emanating from wineries. Owed to changes in South African legislation, in conjunction with an augmented environmental awareness, the need for an environmental assessment of wineries became apparent. In South Africa, research of this nature had not yet been conducted. Previous research on winery wastewater treatment employed mostly biological technologies, with success but also shortfalls. In South Africa the majority of wineries are located in the Western Cape Province, several within the same water catchment area. Wineries may produce approximately 1 to 10 litres of wastewater per litre of wine produced, which are turbid and acidic and typically contain high levels of organic compounds (thus oxygen deficient), and suspended material. Usually these wastewaters are irrigated onto land, in close proximity to natural water resources. The pollution of water tables and down-stream water sources may occur. The quantification, qualification and treatment of this type of wastewater are addressed in this study. Winery wastewater produced from the predominantly red wine producing Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons, served as case study for a two-year wastewater audit strategy. The most common analyses performed on winery wastewater include the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), pH and turbidity. A thorough analysis in the form of a comprehensive audit was performed on the water and vinification processes. This allowed for an accurate determination of contamination sources and properties. The audit entailed a designed sampling protocol, the format of which was tailored as an initial environmental assessment for the development of an Environmental Management System (EMS) unique to Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons. The EMS includes projected future objectives for wastewater quality (COD, SS, pH, turbidity), as well as an environmental policy. In order to reach the proposed quality objectives, a suitable wastewater treatment system must be installed. The efficiency of the treatment system present at Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons was evaluated and piloted the investigation of physico-chemical treatment technologies. Research into the applicability of induced sedimentation (coagulation) and chemical oxidation (ozone) was the first of its kind for winery wastewater as substrate, and provided an interesting dimension in the sense of pragmatic and economic feasibility. Dissolved and suspended particles present in winery wastewater do not settle by gravity alone, thus requiring sedimentation agents (coagulants). Benchscale experiments were conducted employing four types of pre-polymerised metal salt coagulants (polyaluminium chloride). Successful sedimentation of turbidity inducing compounds (up to 98 %) and suspended solid fractions (up to 92%) was achieved. These coagulants are highly suitable for the treatment of winery wastewater since the investigation showed that they are effective over a broad pH and dosage range. In addition, rapid sedimentation rates were observed, favouring thickener design economy. Ozone is a potent oxidising agent, and has been reported to increase the biodegradability of dissolved organic compounds and result in the decolouring of wastewaters. Ozonation is highly pH dependent, with hydroxyl radical activity dominating at alkaline pH. In the majority of gas-liquid contacting systems, the kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction is not limited by the chemical reaction rate, but by the transport of ozone to the liquid phase. To compensate, the ozone concentration in the gas phase is increased. Coupled to the primary investigation on the applicability of ozone treatment for winery wastewater, thus emerged a secondary investigation into an enhanced mass transfer system, realised by the use of impinging stream technology. The ozone transfer in a conventional bubble-column was compared to that of an impinging-stream jet-reactor. The latter significantly improved the ozone transfer to the winery wastewater, resulting in the rate-limiting step being the chemical reaction rate. Ozonation resulted in the increased biodegradability of the winery wastewater, and complete colour and odour elimination. Concerning jet-reactors, the principal importance lies in the substantial reduction in the initial ozone concentration requirement, thereby rendering the process more economically feasible. Following the investigation of the wastewater dynamics, the determination of eco-toxicology during irrigation should be conducted in future. When considering induced sedimentation, further studies should be directed towards ascertaining the most economic yet efficient dosage of the coagulant. Similarly, a study concerning the economic viability of ozone efficiency should be realised in terms of the energy requirements for both ozone generation and the operation of jet-reactors. Although the jet reactor poses a benefit for enhanced mass transfer, the essential criterion concerning residence time in the reactor must be addressed for positive results. Since no single solution exists for the treatment of winery wastewaters, the application of the considered technology must be carefully selected and incorporated in a treatment design; the two foremost criteria for selection being efficiency and economy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ekologiese stelsels en natuurlike waterbronne word gedurig bedreig deur besoedeling, dus moet ten aile tye gepoog word om besoedeling te minimiseer of te voorkom. Gedurende die laaste dekade is al hoe meer kommer uitgespreek oor die besoedeling van afloop water afkomstig van wyn en spiritualiee-vervaardiging. Navorsing aangaande wynafloopwater het ontstaan in die vroee negentigs, hoofsaaklik in Australie en Frankryk. Hierdie navorsing het gelei tot die karakterisering van wynafloopwater, en die uiteenlopendheid van hierdie water aangaande die kwaliteit en kwantiteit tussen kelders, is aangetoon. As gevolg van veranderinge in die SuidAfrikaanse wetgewing, asook 'n groeiende bewuswording van omgewingsake, het die noodsaaklikheid van omgewings impak-studies vir wynkelders na vore getree. Tot op hede is navorsing van hierdie aard nog nie in Suid Afrika gedoen nie. Vorige navorsing op die behandeling van wynafloopwater het meestal biologiese tegnologiee behels, met 'n mate van sukses maar ook met tekortkominge. Die meederheid wynkelders in Suid Afrika is in die Wes-Kaap gelee, baie binne dieselfde opvanggebied. Wynkelders kan tussen 1 tot 10 liter afloop water produseer per liter wyn geproduseer. Hierdie afloop het tipies 'n hoe konsentrasie organiese stowwe (is dus arm aan suurstof), is troebel en suur, en bevat gesuspendeerde materiaal. Gewoonlik word die wynafloop water besproei in die nabyheid van natuurlike waterbronne. Die besoedeling van watertafels en waterbronne kan dus plaasvind. Die kwantifisering, kwalifisering en behandeling van wynafloopwater word ondersoek in hierdie tesis. Die wynafloopwater van die hoofsaaklik rooiwyn produserende Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons, het gedien as proefstudie tydens 'n twee-jaar wynafloopwateroudit. 'n Deeglike analise in die formaat van 'n veelomvattende oudit is uitgevoer op die wynmaakproses en die waterafvoerstrome. 'n Akkurate bepaling van die oorsprong van waterkontaminasie, asook die eienskappe daarvan is bewerkstellig. Die oudit behels 'n spesifiek ontwerpte monsternemingprotokol, waarvan die formaat geformuleer is om te dien as 'n beginpunt vir die ontwikkeling van 'n Omgewingsbestuurstelsel (08S), uniek vir Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons. Hierdie 08S sluit toekomstige doelstellings vir die kwaliteit (chemiese suurstofbehoefte, gesuspendeerde vaste stowwe, pH, turbiditeit) van wynafloopwater in, asook 'n omgewingsbeleid. Die installering van 'n waterbehandelingsisteem moet geskied om te voldoen aan hierdie voorgestelde doelstellings. Die effektiwiteit van die huidige behandeling sisteem teenwoordig by Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons is geevalueer en het gelei tot navorsing oor fisieschemiese behandelingstegnologiee. Navorsing aangaande die toepassing van geinduseerde sedimentasie (koagulasie) en chemiese oksidasie (osoon), is vir die eerste keer toegepas op wynafloopwater, en het interessante gevolge in 'n pragmatiese en ekonomiese sin. Opgelosde en gesuspendeerde partikels teenwoordig in wynafloopwater sak nie onder normale gravitasie uit nie, en dus word die toediening van sedimentasie-induserende middels benodig. Eksperimente is in die laboratorium uitgevoer met vier verskillende gepolimeriseerde metaalsoutkoagulante (poli-aluminiumchloriedes). Dit het gelei tot die effektiewe sedimentering van stowwe wat troebelheid (turbiditeit) veroorsaak (tot 98 %) en ook gesuspendeerde stowwe (tot 92 %). Dit is gevind dat hierdie tipe koagulante hoogs geskik is vir die behandeling van wynafloop water, aangesien hulle effektief is by 'n wye pH- en doseringsreeks. Die uitsaktempo is vinnig, wat dus die ontwerp van 'n uitsaktenk (verdikker) ekonomies maak. Osoon is 'n sterk oksideermiddel, terwyl talle verslae aandui dat dit die biologiese ontbinding van opgelosde stowwe verhoog en die ontkleuring van afloopwaters tot. gevolg het. Osonering is pH afhanklik; by alkaliese pH oorheers die werking van hidroksielradikale. In die meerderheid gasvloeistofkontaksisteme word die kinetika van die heterogene chemiese reaksie nie beperk deur die intrinsieke reaksietempo nie, maar deur die vervoer van osoon na die vloeistoffase. Om te kompenseer hiervoor, word die osoon konsentrasie in die gasfase verhoog. Gekoppel aan die primere ondersoek aangaande die toepasbaarheid van osoonbehandeling op wynafloopwater, het 'n tweede ondersoek onstaan aangaande verhoogde massa-oordragssisteme deur die gebruik van hoeintensiteit spuitreaktore. Die osoonoordrag in konvensionele borrelkolomme is vergelyk met die van 'n hoe intensiteit spuitreaktor. Laasgenoemde het die osoonoordrag na die wynafloopwater aansienlik verhoog, met die gevolg dat die chemiese reaksie die beperking op die reaksie tempo geplaas het. Osonering het die biodegradasie van die wynafloop water verhoog, asook die kleur en reuk verwyder. By die spuit-reaktor Ie die belangrikheid daarin by die aansienlike veriaging in die aanvanklike behoefte aan osoonkonsentrasie, derhalwe is hierdie oordragsisteem meer ekonomies. Na afloop van die ondersoek op die dinamika van wynafloopwater, moet die ekotoksisiteit gedurende besproeiing bepaal word vir toekomstige doeleindes. Indien ge"induseerde sedimentasie verlang word, kan verdere studie gedoen word om die mees ekonomiese dosis van die koagulant te bepaal. Ooreenstemmend, moet die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die osoon effektiwiteit bepaal word ten opsigte van die energiebehoefte van beide die osoongenerasie en die werking van die hoe-intensiteit spuitreaktor. Alhoewel die spuitreaktor verhoogde massa-oordrag bewerkstellig, moet die effek van die residensietyd in die reaktor inag geneem word word ten einde positiewe resultate te verkry. Geen enkele oplossing bestaan vir die behandeling van wynafloop water nie, derhalwe moet die toepassing van die beoogde sisteem versigtig gekies word en ingesluit word in die ontwerp van 'n behandelingsisteem; die twee vernaamste maatstawwe is ondermeer effektiwiteit en ekonomiese aspekte.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently concern has been raised regarding effluent from wine cellars, as it often does not comply with environmental legislation. It was with this in mind that the effluent problem at Ashton Cellars was addressed. After carrying out a water audit of the plant, described in Chapter 3, it was concluded that the ion exchange plant is a significant contributor to the low pH and high conductivity of the effluent dam. Decreasing the effluent from the ion exchange plant should therefore help in improving the total effluent quality. During the water audit opportunities to improve the effluent by making small process changes in the cellar were identified. The primary objective of this study was to provide guidelines to improve the quality and decrease the volume of the effluent from the ion-exchange plant to more environmentally acceptable levels, whilst maintaining product specifications and production rates. This was achieved by studying the operation of the plant (Chapter 4) and testing the characteristics of the current and alternative resins (Chapter 5). Auditing of the ion exchanges plant included a detailed analysis of the regeneration and loading of the ion exchange columns. It was concluded that the operation of the plant can only be optimised once pH and/or conductivity meters, and preferably an automated control system, are installed on the plant. The results given in this thesis can be used as a guide when setting up such a control system. Laboratory testing of the resins revealed that the cation resin currently being used on the plant has been fouled and loads at a slow rate. When the resins are replaced, the use of Purolite CISO and Purolite A103S should be considered as these resins gave the most favourable results. Some alternative treatment methods for the processing of grape must, have been mentioned in Chapter 6. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Al meer kornrner word deesdae uitgespreek oor wynkelders se afvalwater, omdat dit meerendeels nie aan die vereistes van omgewingswetgewing voldoen nie. Dit was met hierdie probleem in die oog dat die afvalwater probleem by Ashton Kelders ondersoek IS. Nadat 'n wateroudit van die fabriek, soos beskryf in Hoofstuk 3, uitgevoer is, is daar tot die slotsom gekom dat die ioonuitruilsisteem 'n groot bydra tot die lae pH en hoe konduktiwiteit van die afvaldam lewer. Indien die ioonuitruilsisteem se uitvloeisel verminder kon word, sou dit tot 'n groot mate bydrae tot 'n verbetering van die totale uitvloei kwaliteit. Gedurende die wateroudit is verskeie moontlikhede vir die verbetering van die uitvloei deur klein prosesveranderinge aan te bring, geidentifiseer. Hierdie studie het as hoof oogmerk die daarstelling van riglyne vir die verbetering van die kwaliteit en grote van die afvalstrome van die ioonuitruilsisteem om sodeende aan omgewingswetgewing te voldoen, maar ter selfder tyd die produk spesifikasies en tempos te handhaaf. Dit is gedoen deur die huidige bedryf van die fabriek te bestudeer (Hoofstuk 4) en die eienskappe van die huidige en altematiewe ioonuitruilharse te toets (Hoofstuk 5). Die oudit van die ioonuitruilsisteem het 'n gedetaileerde anaIiese van die hergenerasie en lading van die ioonuitruilkolornrne ingesluit. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die bedryf van die sisteem alleenlik geoptirniseer kon word indien pH en/of konduktiwiteitsmeters, en verkieslik 'n automatiese kontrolesisteem geinstalleer word. Die resultate van hierdie tesis kan as basis vir so 'n kontrole sisteem gebruik word. Die laboratoriumtoetse op die harse het aan die lig gebring dat die katioonhars wat tans in gebruik is, baie vervuil is en net teen 'n lae tempo belaai kan word. Wanneer die harse vervang word, word die gebruik van Purolite el50 en Purolite A103S aangeraai, aangesien hierdie harse die beste resultate gelewer het. Altematiewe behandelingsmetodes van druifmos is in Hoofstuk 6 genoem.