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No. of bitstreams: 1 jimenezfilho_dl_dr_jabo.pdf: 3364578 bytes, checksum: 8e70ceb974949881166a72cb68d4f112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar os riscos sanitários associados ao uso de fontes exógenas de hormônios sexuais nos programas de sincronização e indução de ovulação “Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF)”, “Transferência de Embriões em Tempo Fixo (TETF)”, "Superestimulação ovariana (SOV)” sobre a saúde coletiva e meio ambiente. Para isto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta as considerações gerais sobre legislação, período de carência, equipamentos de proteção individual, grupos de risco e resíduos sólidos de saúde. No segundo capítulo o objetivo foi avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção de risco dos criadores de bovinos e médicos veterinários na utilização de hormônios e determinar os possíveis riscos para a saúde coletiva. Neste experimento foram entrevistados 65 criadores e 40 médicos veterinários que utilizavam hormônios nos programas de reprodução assistida em bovinos (IATF, TETF, SOV). A análise de correspondência múltipla foi processada com os fatores socioeconômicos (escolaridade, tempo na atividade) e a percepção de risco no uso de hormônios reprodutivos. A totalidade dos criadores entrevistados afirmaram que “os estabelecimentos que comercializam produtos veterinários não exigiram prescrição veterinária para a venda dos hormônios”. Os “períodos de carências” na carne e no leite eram desconhecidos por 69,2% dos criadores e por 65% dos médicos veterinários. Dos profissionais que afirmaram conhecer a informação, apenas dois a citaram corretamente. O “uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI)” durante a manipulação dos hormônios foi declarado por 56,9% dos criadores e 92,5% dos médicos veterinários, sendo “as luvas de procedimentos” o EPI mais utilizado. Ao serem questionados sobre “o grupo de pessoas inaptas à manipulação hormonal”, 21,5% dos criadores e 62,5% dos médicos veterinários afirmaram conhecer o grupo de risco. Houve associação entre criadores com “ensino superior” e “tempo na atividade menor que 5 anos” com a variável “conhece o grupo de pessoas que não deve manipular hormônios” (p < 0,01). O fator socioeconômico dos médicos veterinários “mais de 11 anos na atividade” também apresentou associação com a variável “conhece o período de carência” (p < 0,05). O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento dos criadores e médicos veterinários sobre o descarte dos resíduos sólidos de saúde (RSS) e avaliar a possível contaminação ambiental durante a lavagem dos dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona. Foram consideradas questões socioeconômicas e sobre o descarte dos RSS. Além das entrevistas, foram realizadas análises de progestinas na água utilizada na lavagem dos dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona. As progestinas foram extraídas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e analisadas por espectrometria de massas sequencial (MS/MS). Dos 65 criadores, 18,5% disseram ter “recebido orientação de como promover o descarte dos RSS”, entretanto, apenas um criador entrevistado promove o “correto descarte desse material”. A prática de queima dos RSS é realizada por 86% dos criadores. A quantidade de progesterona que sobrou no resíduo da água utilizada na lavagem dos dispositivos foi de não detectável a 515 µg/kg. O quarto capítulo traz orientações para manuseio dos hormônios reprodutivos e orientações para o descarte dos resíduos sólidos de saúde gerados durante os programas de reprodução assistida em bovinos. Por fim, conclui-se que existe falta de informação entre criadores e médicos veterinários sobre os períodos de carências dos hormônios, a importância do uso de EPI na sua manipulação, o grupo de pessoas que não deve manipular os hormônios, a exigência da prescrição veterinária para compra dos fármacos e o modo de descarte dos RSS gerados durante os protocolos hormonais. / The overall objective of this study was to investigate health risks associated to manipulation of exogenous sources of sex hormones for ovulation induction and synchronization, such as through “fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI)”, “fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET)”, "over-stimulation of the ovary (SOV)”; evaluating potential effects on public health and to the environment. For this purpose, we divided this study into four chapters. The first describes current legal considerations, withholding periods, personal protective equipment (PPE), risk groups and health solid wastes. In the second chapter, it was aimed to test the knowledge and perception of cattle raisers and veterinaries on the use of hormones, as well as determining potential risks against public health. In this part, hormone users, among 65 breeders and 40 vet doctors, from a bovine assisted-reproduction program were surveyed (using FTAI, FTET, and SOV methods). Multiple-correspondence analysis was performed on socioeconomic factors as education level and experience time, as well as on respondents’ perception of risk regarding manipulation of reproductive hormones. All of the surveyed farmers said that no requirement of prescriptions by vet facilities to the purchasing of hormones. Surprisingly, meat and milk withholding periods were unknown by 69.2% breeders and 65% veterinarians. Of the professionals who claimed to know the information, solely two of them specified it correctly. PPE use while handling hormones was stated by 56.9% raisers and 92.5% vets, among which surgical gloves was mostly used. When questioned about the inability of some people to manipulate hormones, 21.5% farmers and 62.5% doctors declared being aware of such risk group. Interestingly, one can note an association between higher-education breeders working less than 5 years in the activity to the variable "knowledge of the group risk for hormonal manipulation (p < 0.01). Veterinarians with more than 11 years in the activity were also associated to the variable "knowledge on withholding period" (p < 0.05). The third chapter aims at evaluating the knowledge of veterinarians and breeders on the disposal of health solid waste (HSW), as well as ascertaining potential environmental contamination during washing out of intravaginal progesterone devices. Furthermore, socioeconomic issues regarding the HSW disposal were also taken into consideration. In addition to the surveys, progestin analyses were made in water used in the washing of intravaginal progesterone devices. Progestin was extracted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). From the 65 surveyed farmers, 18.5% declared they had "been oriented on how to dispose HSW"; however, only one performs it properly. Nearly 86% raisers perform the burning of HSW. Nonetheless, the amount of progesterone left in wastewater from washings was of an undetectable level (515 µg/kg). The fourth chapter come out with guidelines on HSW disposal during reproductive-hormone manipulation in bovine assisted-breeding programs. Finally, we may conclude that there is a lack of information among breeders and veterinarians on withholding periods for hormones, PPE use importance during manipulation, group of people unable to manipulate hormones, veterinarian prescription requirement for drug purchasing and disposal manner of HSWs generated during hormone protocols. / CNPq: 142282/2013-8

Orientador: Iveraldo dos Santos Dutra / Resumo: O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar os riscos sanitários associados ao uso de fontes exógenas de hormônios sexuais nos programas de sincronização e indução de ovulação “Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF)”, “Transferência de Embriões em Tempo Fixo (TETF)”, "Superestimulação ovariana (SOV)” sobre a saúde coletiva e meio ambiente. Para isto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta as considerações gerais sobre legislação, período de carência, equipamentos de proteção individual, grupos de risco e resíduos sólidos de saúde. No segundo capítulo o objetivo foi avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção de risco dos criadores de bovinos e médicos veterinários na utilização de hormônios e determinar os possíveis riscos para a saúde coletiva. Neste experimento foram entrevistados 65 criadores e 40 médicos veterinários que utilizavam hormônios nos programas de reprodução assistida em bovinos (IATF, TETF, SOV). A análise de correspondência múltipla foi processada com os fatores socioeconômicos (escolaridade, tempo na atividade) e a percepção de risco no uso de hormônios reprodutivos. A totalidade dos criadores entrevistados afirmaram que “os estabelecimentos que comercializam produtos veterinários não exigiram prescrição veterinária para a venda dos hormônios”. Os “períodos de carências” na carne e no leite eram desconhecidos por 69,2% dos criadores e por 65% dos médicos veterinários. Dos profissionais que afirmaram conhecer a informação, apenas ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Introducing effective irrigation management in arid and semi-arid regions, like most areas of South Africa, is an indispensable way of maximising crop yield and enhancing productivity of scarce freshwater resources. Holistic improvements in agricultural water management could be realised through integrating the knowledge of crop-specific water requirements. In order to develop effective irrigation schedules for rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium capitatum x P. radens), greenhouse and field experiments were conducted at the Hatfield Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, from 28 October 2004 to 2006. Results from 20, 40, 60 and 80% maximum allowable depletion (MAD) levels of the plant available soil water (ASW) indicated that plant roots extracted most of the soil water from the top 40 cm soil layer, independent of the treatment. Both essential oil yield and fresh herbage mass responded positively to high soil water content. Increasing the MAD level to 60% and higher resulted in a significant reduction in herbage mass and essential oil yields. An increase in the degree of water stress apparently increased the essential oil concentration (percentage oil on fresh herbage mass basis), but its contribution to total essential oil yield (kg/ha oil) was limited. There was no significant relationship between MAD level and essential oil composition. For water saving without a significant reduction in essential oil yield of rose-scented geranium, a MAD of 40% of ASW is proposed. Response of rose-scented geranium to a one-month irrigation withholding period in the second or third month of regrowth cycles showed that herbage mass and oil yield were positively related. Herbage yield was significantly reduced when the water stress period was imposed during the third or fourth month of regrowth. A remarkable essential oil yield loss was observed only when the plants were stressed during the fourth month of regrowth. Essential oil content (% oil on fresh herbage mass basis) was higher in stressed plants, especially when stressed late, but oil yield dropped due to lower herbage mass. The relationship between essential oil composition and irrigation treatments was not consistent. Water-use efficiency was not significantly affected by withholding irrigation in the second or in the third month of regrowth. With a marginal oil yield loss, about 330 to 460 m3 of water per hectare per regrowth cycle could be saved by withholding irrigation during the third month of regrowth. The overall results highlighted that in water-scarce regions withholding irrigation during either the second or the third month of regrowth in rose-scented geranium could save water that could be used by other sectors of society. In greenhouse pot experiments, rose-scented geranium was grown under different irrigation frequencies, in two growth media. Irrigation was withheld on 50% of the plants (in each plot) for the week prior to harvesting. Herbage and essential oil yields were better in the sandy clay soil than in silica sand. Essential oil content (% oil on fresh herbage mass basis) apparently increased with a decrease in irrigation frequency. Both herbage and total essential oil yields positively responded to frequent irrigation. A one-week stress period prior to harvesting significantly increased essential oil content and total essential oil yield. Hence, the highest essential oil yield was obtained from a combination of high irrigation frequency and a one-week irrigation-withholding period. In the irrigation frequency treatments, citronellol and citronellyl formate contents tended to increase with an increase in the stress level, but the reverse was true for geraniol and geranyl formate. Leaf physiological data were recorded during the terminal one-week water stress in the glasshouse pot trial. Upon rewatering, stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Rt) were significantly lower in the less often irrigated than in the more often irrigated treatments, while leaf water potential (yw) and relative water content (RWC) were the same for all plants, indicating that water stress had an after-effect on Gs and Rt. At the end of the stress period, Gs, Rt, yw and RWC were lower in the plants from the more often irrigated than from the less often irrigated treatments. Irrespective of irrigation treatment, one type of non-glandular and two types (different in shape and size) of glandular trichomes were observed. In water stressed-conditions, stomata and trichome densities increased, while the total number of stomata and trichomes per leaf appeared to remain more or less the same. Water stress conditions resulted in stomatal closure. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted