In the 1960s, Irene Spry served as the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada (FWIC) representative to the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW). In 1967 she accepted an offer to be the ACWW deputy president, a post that she held until the mid-1970s. During this time, the ACWW and its member societies engaged in international development efforts around the world. This was a critical moment in the history of international development. The Canadian movement for development was propelled by domestic and global politics, as well as a changing society that embraced a sense of global citizenship. Arising out of this context and armoured with her own socialist politics, Spry carefully navigated the development efforts of the ACWW. These efforts straddled grassroots ideals and mainstream pressures from the United Nations (UN). As a women's Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), the ACWW was part of the initial force behind the global shift in the approach to development referred to as Women in Development (WID). Contemporary research, however, suggests that WID has not succeeded in addressing the concerns of women in "developing" countries. As a case study, this paper examines some of the historical roots of WID and identifies the historical continuities that persist in today's development discourse. Analyzing Spry's documents from the Library and Archives Canada through the lens of feminist postcolonial theory reveals the dominance of Eurocentric ideologies within the development practices of the ACWW. The impetus to reach out to help people in developing countries became socially and politically part of the Canadian identity and, as Spry's navigation through the discourses of the international agencies and ACWW members reveal, such sentiments of international benevolence were inherently neo-colonial. In much the same way that Himani Bannerji suggests that subjects are "invented," women involved in this movement intersected discourses of modernity and "race" with essentializing notions of gender, which contributed to a standardized practice of development. This case study ultimately demonstrates that good intentions were not enough to decolonize western women's efforts to "develop" parts of Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-119). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Wageningen Agricultural University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-161).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 297-305). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 297-305). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-105). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaCDMB_DISSERT.pdf: 1837025 bytes, checksum: 96445776d7ee0ad5b74400467faf15f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The dissertation evaluates about Rural Women s Productive Organization Program effectiveness of Western Rio Grande do Norte(2008-2012). Specifically, it has aimed to: 1) Describe about Rural Women s Productive Organization Program characteristics in Western Potiguar Region; 2) Investigate which social economic changes the program has caused in Rural Women s lives from Western Potiguar Region; 3) Evaluate whether women s participation in the feminist social movement has contributed in order to facilitate access to the program; 4) evaluate whether rural women s participation from western Potiguar region in POPMR has provoked some questions in relation to labor sexual division in policy all female users or whether it has amplified their capacities for their economical autonomy conquest. The evaluation has been as reference the development concept as freedom according to Amartya Sen (2000) and labor sex division sustained by separation and hierarchy activities performed by men and women according to Kergoat (2009). The qualitative character investigation was made up by a bibliographical and documental research, semi-structured interviews and focal group. The interviews with female mediator agents and female public managers have demonstrated the paths how to create the program by explaining the difficulties and possibilities. The research was concluded with focal groups that had accessed POPMR in western region. With the methodological instruments used, it was possible to achieve the results: The research data show that POPMR has contributed for the region development specifically by expanding rural women s capacities. However, there are still some difficulties which could be overcome with a state actualization, as policies for home labor and home labor care socialization. In this way, the infrastructure construction for production and reproduction must be based on a kind of legislation for a small production which are indispensable elements for a bigger effective policy for women in a rural environment / A disserta??o avaliou a efetividade do Programa de Organiza??o Produtiva de Mulheres Rurais na regi?o Oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (2008/2012). Especificamente, objetivou: 1) Descrever as caracter?sticas do Programa de Organiza??o Produtiva das Mulheres Rurais na regi?o Oeste Potiguar; 2) Investigar quais mudan?as socioecon?micas o programa ocasionou na vida das mulheres rurais da regi?o Oeste Potiguar; 3) Avaliar se a participa??o das mulheres no movimento social feminista contribuiu para facilitar o acesso ao programa; 4) Investigar se a participa??o das mulheres rurais da regi?o Oeste Potiguar no POPMR provocou um questionamento ? divis?o sexual do trabalho no cotidiano das usu?rias da pol?tica e se ampliou suas capacidades para conquista da autonomia econ?mica. A avalia??o teve como refer?ncia o conceito de desenvolvimento como liberdade de Amartya Sen (2000) e da divis?o sexual do trabalho, sustentada pela separa??o e a hierarquiza??o das atividades realizadas por homens e mulheres de Kergoat, (2009). A investiga??o ? de car?ter qualitativo, composta por pesquisa bibliogr?fica e documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupo focal. As entrevistas com agentes mediadores e gestoras p?blicas demonstram os caminhos da elabora??o e execu??o do programa, explicitando as dificuldades e possibilidades. A pesquisa foi conclu?da com a realiza??o do grupo Focal feita com os grupos que acessaram o POPMR na regi?o Oeste Potiguar. Com os instrumentos metodol?gicos utilizados foi poss?vel chegar aos seguintes resultados: Os dados apontam que o POPMR contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da regi?o especificamente na expans?o das capacidades das mulheres rurais. No entanto, ainda persistem dificuldades que podem ser superadas com a atua??o estatal, como pol?ticas para socializa??o do trabalho dom?stico e do cuidado. Neste sentido, a constru??o de infraestrutura para a produ??o e reprodu??o, incidir sobre a legisla??o para a pequena produ??o s?o elementos imprescind?veis para maior efetividade da pol?tica para as mulheres no meio rural

There is a remarkable increase in the participation of females in business activities due to their involvement in the informal sector. These activities appear to be insignificant and not measurable because they are outside the regulatory framework, but they also absorb multitudes of the unemployable. Notwithstanding the challenges of low levels of education, lack of skills and finance as well as the need to balance reproductive and productive roles, females are under pressure to generate income through trading in small scale businesses that can hardly grow beyond subsistence level. With the meagre earnings from their activities, they ensure the survival of their families. If female entrepreneurs are developed and brought into the economic main stream, they will bring with them their unique survivalist techniques that will contribute towards economic development and growth in the country. This report examines the constraints that affect the development of female entrepreneurs in the informal sector.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Management Science in Administration and Information Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / The purpose of the study was to explore the empowerment of women leadership, focusing on the Durban University of Technology. Statistics around the world have highlighted that women are under-represented in decision-making positions, with a specific focus on the academic sector; this study aims to review these statistics and establish which barriers prevent females from progressing to leadership positions. The target population was comprised of staff members from the Durban University of Technology and ranged from leadership, management, and lecturing, to entry-level employees. The technique of probability sampling was chosen in this research, with a sample size of 100 participants drawn from the population. Questionnaires were designed with both closed-ended and some open-ended questions, and were personally administered to all campuses of the Durban University of Technology, namely Ritson Campus, Steve Biko Campus, ML Sultan Campus, City Campus, Indumiso Campus and Riverside Campus. This study revealed that, although women are still under-represented in Higher Education, there are efforts being made to bridge this gap. This study found female leaders more productive than male counterparts at the Durban University and are able to run their department smoothly and efficiently. The study also found that there are internal respondents agreed that there are hidden difficulties in their department that women face and prevent them from moving into higher positions. Additionally, the study found that there are programs at the Durban University that empower women into leadership. This study contributes to knowledge of gender-based leadership and female empowerment into leadership positions, in the higher education sector. / M

In the 1960s, Irene Spry served as the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada (FWIC) representative to the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW). In 1967 she accepted an offer to be the ACWW deputy president, a post that she held until the mid-1970s. During this time, the ACWW and its member societies engaged in international development efforts around the world. This was a critical moment in the history of international development. The Canadian movement for development was propelled by domestic and global politics, as well as a changing society that embraced a sense of global citizenship. Arising out of this context and armoured with her own socialist politics, Spry carefully navigated the development efforts of the ACWW. These efforts straddled grassroots ideals and mainstream pressures from the United Nations (UN). As a women's Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), the ACWW was part of the initial force behind the global shift in the approach to development referred to as Women in Development (WID). Contemporary research, however, suggests that WID has not succeeded in addressing the concerns of women in "developing" countries. As a case study, this paper examines some of the historical roots of WID and identifies the historical continuities that persist in today's development discourse. Analyzing Spry's documents from the Library and Archives Canada through the lens of feminist postcolonial theory reveals the dominance of Eurocentric ideologies within the development practices of the ACWW. The impetus to reach out to help people in developing countries became socially and politically part of the Canadian identity and, as Spry's navigation through the discourses of the international agencies and ACWW members reveal, such sentiments of international benevolence were inherently neo-colonial. In much the same way that Himani Bannerji suggests that subjects are "invented," women involved in this movement intersected discourses of modernity and "race" with essentializing notions of gender, which contributed to a standardized practice of development. This case study ultimately demonstrates that good intentions were not enough to decolonize western women's efforts to "develop" parts of Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate