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Charge state dependence of L-shell x-ray production cross sections have been measured for 4-14 MeV ¹⁶O^q (q=3⁺-8⁺) ions incident on ultra-clean, ultra-thin copper, and for 12 MeV ¹⁶O^q (q=3⁺-8⁺) on nickel, zinc, gallium and germanium solid foils. L-shell x-ray production cross section were measured using target foils of thickness ≤0.6 μg/cm² evaporated onto 5 μg/cm² carbon backings. Oxygen ions at MeV energies and charge state q were produced using a 3MV 9SDH-2 National Electrostatics Corporation tandem Pelletron accelerator. Different charge states, with and without K-vacancies, were produced using a post acceleration nitrogen striping gas cell or ¹²C stripping foils. L-shell x-rays from ultra-thin ₂₈Ni, ₂₉Cu,₃₀Zn,₃₁Ga, and ₃₂Ge targets were measured using a Si(Li) x-ray detector with a FWHM resolution of 135 eV at 5.9 keV. The scattered projectiles were detected simultaneously by means of silicon surface barrier detectors at angle of 45° and 169° with respect to the beam direction. The electron capture (EC) as well as direct ionization (DI) contributions were determined from the projectile charge state dependence of the target x-ray production cross sections under single collision conditions. The present work was undertaken to expand the measurements of L-shell x-ray production cross sections upon selected elements with low L-shell binding energies by energetic ¹⁶O^q (q=3⁺,4⁺,5⁺,6⁺,7⁺,8⁺) incident ions. Collision systems chosen for this work have sufficiently large Z₁/Z₂ ratios (0.25-0.28) so that EC may noticeably contribute to the x-ray production enhancement. In this region, reliable experimental data are particularly scarce, thus, fundamental work in this area is still necessary. DI and EC cross section measurements were compared with the ECPSSR and the first Born theories over the range of 0.25 <Z₁/Z₂ < 0.29 and 0.38 < v₁/v₂_L <0.72. The ECPSSR theoretical predictions (including DI and EC) are in closer agreement with the data than the first Born's.

Advances in computer automation and control, compact and portable x-ray sources, and reliable and efficient detector systems over the last ten years have allowed X-Ray Determination of Residual Stress (XRDRS) measurements to become a viable method of evaluating the state of stress in metals, alloys, and ceramics. However, problems associated with incorrect XRDRS equipment operation and poor experimental technique are prevalent, necessitating better operator training and education. Therefore, an interactive computer workstation, called RS/hyper, was developed to lead the operator towards correct operating procedures and reliable experimental technique. RS/hyper teaches the operator proper machine setup, machine maintenance, radiation safety, experimental technique, theoretical understanding, and provides limited data evaluation. Graphical aids are used extensively to avoid confusion and misinterpretation during the learning process. Since RS/hyper is interactive, the operator may select the desired level of understanding on a particular topic. These topics are linked, through a hypertext interface, so that the information is presented coherently and efficiently. Compared to written texts and references, RS/hyper has been shown in preliminary tests to reduce XRDRS training and problem solving time by a factor of 16. RS/hyper will train novice users of XRDRS equipment so that the data acquired from such machines will be reliable in an industrial environment. Since the software educates the user, the results of the data will be more accurately represented before interpretation. The experienced user should find RS/hyper useful as a reference of XRDRS and related information. / Master of Science

No / Government supported expansion of the nursing role within Accident & Emergency (A&E) departments in the United Kingdom (UK) has begun to break down the traditional barriers to professional practice. Today, many nurses working within A&E departments are both requesting and interpreting radiographic examinations as part of their normal working practice. However, role expansion does not occur without increased responsibility. Unsatisfactory requests for radiography and inaccurate radiographic interpretation may result in inappropriate patient treatment, misuse of resources, patient recall and litigation. Nurses undertaking these role extensions need to ensure that their levels of knowledge and skill to perform the role are appropriate and adequately supported. This article summarises the results of a national questionnaire survey of A&E nurse managers that aimed to identify current working practices, including education, training and limitations to practice, with respect to the requesting and interpretation of trauma radiographs by A&E nurses.

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