Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa declared all 11 South African languages official to bring back dignity to all citizens of this country and to ensure that communication reaches all people in the language of their choice. In an effort to meet this constitutional mandate, government institutions are obliged to translate documents into all official national or provincial languages. Before 1998, only two languages were used in official documentation -and those were English and Afrikaans. That meant that a lot of money was invested in and committed into developing these two languages, especially Afrikaans, so that they could be used readily in all official and general communication. African languages were not developed as much then and this became a problem when they were declared official as they were not ready to meet the challenges of official and technical use. Government has not been able to identify this as a problem and has therefore lightly and ignorantly regarded tasks such as translation as easy tasks that can be handled by any speaker of the language concerned. This has resulted in very poor translations. This study begins with an introduction that entails the hyphothesis. According to the hyphothesis, most government documents translated into isiXhosa do not communicate with their target audiences because of their poor quality. This makes it difficult for target readers to follow the message. The poor quality results from the use of either untrained translators or people who claim that they can translate -as well as the use of any language speaker to translate by the virtue of being able to speak the language concerned. In other instances, the issue is not the quality but rather transliteration because of the use of language professionals such as lecturers who are conversant with the language and grammar, but who have no expertise, training or experience in translation. Chapter 2 explores the three main approaches of translation, namely the linguistic approach, the text-linguistic approach and the functional approach. In this chapter, the results of extensive research and development over the years in the translation field are presented. In Chapter 3, two government documents are analysed by the researcher and by a group of participants who were given relevant questionnaires and others interviewed. In Chapter 4, the reasons for poor quality are identified and, in Chapters 5 and 6, solutions to problems and reasons for poor translation are suggested. It is hoped that the research will stimulate a new subject for discussion and a field of study concerning translation into African languages so that government can seriously regard translation as a specialist field. / (ISIXHOSA) AMAGQABANTSHINTSHI: UMzantsi Afrika umisele zonke iilwimi ezilishumi elinanye zeli lizwe njengezisemthethweni ukubuyisela isidima sabemi bell lizwe. Oku kwenzelwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke ubani ufumana ulwazi ngolwimi afuna ukulufumana ngalo. Kwimizamo yokuphumeza le njongo yoMgago-siseko, amaziko karhulumente kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba aguqulele onke amaxwebhu kuzo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni zelizwe okanye zephondo. Phambi ko-1998, zimbini kuphela iilwimi ebezisemthethweni, ibisisiNgesi nesiBhulu. Oku kwenza ukuba ezi lwimi zimbini ziphuhliswe, ingakumbi isiBhulu, ukulungiselela ukuba zikwazi ukusetyenziswa kumaxwebhu asemthethweni nakunxibelelwano ngokubanzi. lilwimi zesintu azizange ziphuhliswe kangako, nto leyo ekhokelele ekubeni zijongane nemiceli-mngeni emva kokuba zamiselwa ngokusemthethweni. Urhulumente akakuboni ukuba oku kuseyingxaki kangangokuba imisebenzi efana noguqulo-lwimi uyithatha njengemisebenzi elula nenokwenziwa nguye nabani na okwazi ukuthetha ulwimi olo. Oku kubangela ukuba sibe namaxwebhu aguqulwe kakubi nangafundekiyo. Le thisisi iqala ngokubeka ingxaki yokuba, amaxwebhu amaninzi karhulumente aguqulelwe esiXhoseni akafundeki ngenxa yokuba uguqulo olo lukumgangatho ophantsi. Oku kwenza ukuba abo bantetho isisiXhosa abafanele ukufunda la maxwebhu, bangayilandeli into ebhalwe kuwo. Olu luguqulo lungafundekiyo lwenziwa kukusetyenziswa kwabaguquli-lwimi abangawuqeqeshelwanga lo msebenzi kwakunye nabo bathi bayakwazi ukuguqula ukuya kuma ekusetyenzisweni kwaye nawuphi na umntu othetha olu lwimi. Ngamanye amaxesha, ingxaki kukuba abo baguqulayo bavele balandele ulwimi olo basukuba beguqula kulo nokusetyenziswa kweengcali zolwimi ezifana nabahlohli zibe zingenabungcali naluqeqesho lokutolika okanye loguqulo-lwimi. lsahluko sesibini sichaza ngokubanzi ngezifundo zoguqulo nophando osele lwenziwe kwezi zifundo. Sichaphazela iindlela-ndlela zoguqulo eziphambili. Eyokuqala yileyo yokuguqula uqinisekisa ukuba onke amagama akuxwebhu aguquliwe kunye nazo zonke izigaba zentetho ezilapha. Eyesibini yileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ingxam yoxwebhu iguquliwe ze eyesithathu ibe yekuguqulwa kulandelwa injongo efanele ukuphunyezwa luxwebhu olo nokuqinisekisa ukuba uyazanezisa iimfuno nolwazi lwabantu abaza kulusebenzisa. KwiSahluko sesi-3, umbhali nomphandi wolu xwebhu uye waphonononga waza wehla amahlongwane amaxwebhu amabini karhulumente, wawanika nabanye abantu ukuba bakhe bawajonge yaye banike izimvo zabo ngawo. KwiSahluko sesi-4, Izizathu ezenza ukuba la maxwebhu angafundeki kamnandi zichaziwe ze kwiSahluko sesi-5 nesesi-6 kwanikwa iingcebiso nezisombululo eziya kunceda ukuba kuguqulwe ngendlela engcono. Umphandi lo unomnqweno nethemba lokuba olu phando luya kubangela ukuba lo mba ukhe uqwalaselisiswe. Ukwathemba kananjalo ukuba ngenxa yolu phando kuya kuthi kuntshule ezinye izifundo ezijonga le ngxaki, ukuze urhulumente ayithathele ingqalelo into yokuba uguqulo-lwimi lufanele ukwenziwa ngabo bantu bawuqeqeshelweyo okanye bawufundeleyo lo msebenzi. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika het al elf Suid-Afrikaanse tale amptelik verklaar om waardigheid terug te bring na al die landsburgers en om te verseker dat kommunikasie almal in die taal van sy of haar keuse bereik. Ten einde uitvoering te gee aan hierdie grondwetlike mandaat, is staatsinstellings verplig om dokumente in al die nasionale of provinsiale tale te vertaal. Voor 1998 was daar net twee amptelike tale, naamlik Afrikaans en Engels. Dit het behels dat baie geld bestee en verbind is om hierdie twee tale en veral Afrikaans te ontwikkel sodat hulle maklik in alle amptelike en algemene kommunikasie gebruik kon word. Pogings is nie dienooreenkomstig aangewend om die Afrikatale te ontwikkel nie. Dit het onmiddellik aanleiding tot probleme gegee toe die Afrikatale as amptelik verklaar is aangesien hulle nie gereed was om die uitdagings van amptelike en tegniese gebruik die hoof te bied nie. Die regering het dit nie as 'n probleem beskou nie en het dus ligtelik en onkundig sulke take soos vertaling as maklike take beskou wat deur enige spreker van die taal gedoen kon word. Dit het gelei tot baie swak vertalings. Die studie begin met 'n inleiding wat die hipotese stel, naamlik dat die meeste staatsdokumente wat in isiXhosa vertaal word, nie met hul teikengroepe kommunikeer nie omdat die swak gehalte daarvan dit moeilik maak vir die teikengroep om die boodskap te verstaan. Die swak gehalte spruit uit die gebruik van of onopgeleide vertalers, Of enigeen wat daarop aanspraak maak dat hy of sy kan vertaal, of uit die situasie waar enige spreker van 'n taal versoek word om te vertaal omdat hy of sy die taal kan praat. In ander gevalle is die probleem nie die gehalte nie, maar eerder transliterasie en die gebruik van akademici wat vertroud is met die taal en die grammatika, maar geen vertaalkundigheid, -opleiding of —ervaring het nie. Hoofstuk 2 ondersoek die drie vernaamste benaderings tot vertaling, naamlik die linguistiese benadering, die tekslinguistiese benadering en die funksionalistiese benadering. Die resultate van omvattende navorsing en ontwikkeling ten opsigte van hierdie benaderings wat oor die jare in die veld van vertaling gemaak is, word hier aangebied. In hoofstuk 3 word twee staatsdokumente deur die navorser ontleed en ook deur 'n groep deelnemers wat tersaaklike vraelyste moes invul en met wie onderhoude gevoer is. Die oorsake van swak gehalte word bepaal en oplossings word in hoofstuk 4 aanbeveel. In hoofstukke 5 en 6 word oplossings tot en redes vir vertaalprobleme aangevoer. Hierdie navorsing sal hopelik 'n nuwe onderwerp vir bespreking en 'n studieveld ten opsigte van vertaling in Afrikatale bevorder sodat die regering ems kan maak daarmee om vertaling as 'n spesialisveld te beskou.

Thesis (MPhil (African Languages))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Financial institutions are among the key players in the economic growth of the country. The success of these institutions is, among other things, dependent on the support of the members of the public. This shows that it is important that the relationship between the two parties is sound. One of the ways of sustaining the communication between the financial institutions and the members of the public is to ensure that the information from the institutions reaches the clients/customers or prospective supporters. Since there is a wide range of the members of society in terms of language, culture and educational levels, it is crucial that the financial institutions take note of these factors. The implication is that the information that is communicated to the clients or customers should be available in the language that the clients/customers are familiar with. Previously, most of the information was communicated in English and Afrikaans. With the introduction of eleven official languages in South Africa, this indicated a need for material that is translated into different languages. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether there is material available from the financial institutions that is translated into isiXhosa. If it is available, I would like to know whether it is reader-centred and whether it communicates with the target reader. The evaluation of the existing translated material is done by using samples of brochures which are drawn from three institutions. Using the views of some of the theoretical approaches to translation, I do a critical analysis of the translated material. In order to have a balanced evaluation of the translated material, the views of the members from the community are tested through interviews and by using questionnaires. In the conclusion, I highlight the results of my findings and observations which are based on the responses that the participants gave.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS is a disease that affects millions of people in South Africa. Various strategies have been implemented to try and curb this epidemic. One of the strategies 'used is the dissemination of information pertaining to the prevention of contracting HIV/AIDS. One of the measures of disseminating such information is through pamphlets and brochures in all eleven official languages of South Africa. This research endeavours to establish whether translated HIV/AIDS brochures are communicative towards its target readers or not. The aim of producing these brochures is to educate people about ways to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. On investigating translated Xhosa HIV/AIDS brochures, the researcher established that some brochures are poorly translated and fail to accomplish their purpose. Various factors contribute to the non-communicativeness of these brochures towards their intended target readers. The microstructure as well as the macrostructure of the texts tend to be problematic as far as understanding and reader-friendliness are concerned. In the end the people for whom these texts are intended do not understand the information they so desperately need. The skopos theory has been recommended by functionalist scholars as an appropriate translation approach, as it considers the culture of the target readers as well as the intention of the text. It is also concerned with whether target readers actually understand the target text. Therefore the skopos theory is promoted in this thesis for the translation of informative and instructive medical brochures and pamphlets, especially those translated into Xhosa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV/VIGS is 'n toestand wat miljoene mense in Suid-Afrika affekteer. Verskeie strategieë is reeds geïmplementeer om hierdie epidemie te probeer beheer. Een hiervan is die verspreiding van inligting met betrekking tot die voorkoming van MIVNIGS. Inligting oor die voorkoms en beheer van MIV/VIGs word, onder andere, versprei deur middel van pamflette en brosjures in al elf amptelike tale van Suid-Afrika. Hierdie navorsing probeer vasstelof vertaalde MIVNIGS brosjures effektief met hul teikenlesers kommunikeer. Die doel van hierdie brosjures is om mense op te voed oor maniere om die verspreiding van MIVNIGS te bekamp. Deur 'n studie te maak van vertaalde Xhosa MIVNIGS brosjures, het die navorser die slotsom bereik dat sommige brosjures baie swak vertaal word en daarom nie hul doel bereik nie. Verskeie faktore dra by tot die gebrekkige kommunikasie tussen vertalers van hierdie brosjures en hul teikenlesers. Die mikro- sowel as die makrostruktuur van die tekste skep probleme met betrekking tot begrip en lesersvriendelikheid. Uiteindelik kry die persone wat die inligting desperaat benodig, nie toegang daartoe nie. Die skoposteorie word as die aangewese benadering aanbeveel deur kenners van die funksionalistiese vertaalteorie, aangesien dit die kultuur van die teikenlesers sowel as die doel van die teks in ag neem. Hierdie benadering het ook ten doel dat die teikenlesers werklik die teks sal begryp. Die skoposteorie word dus in hierdie tesis voorgehou as die geskikte benadering vir die vertaling van informatiewe en instruktiewe mediese brosjures en pamflette, veral in Xhosa.

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie studie het die eerste fase van die ontwikkeling van toetsmateriaal vir die evaluasie van gehoorgestremde Xhosa-sprekendes behels. In die Iig van die Suid¬Afrikaanse klimaat van kulturele- en taaldiversiteit is 'n behoefte aan kultuurgeldige toetsmateriaal binne die veld van oudiologiese rehabilitasie geïdentifiseer. Vorige navorsing het uitsluitlik op die samestelling van woordelyste gefokus. Hierteenoor verskaf sinsmateriaal hoë-vlak kontekstuele Iinguïstiese inligting. Die geldigheid van die evaluasieproses word gevolglik verhoog aangesien die individu se vermoë om residuele gehoor te gebruik, binne 'n meer verteenwoordigende luisteromgewing geëvalueer word. Gedurende die ontwerpfase van die studie is die Bamford-Kowal-Bench (BKB) Sentence Lists deur 'n moedertaalspreker van Xhosa vertaal. Twee komitees was onderskeidelik vir die grammatikale en kulturele korreksie en die oorsig oor die ouderdomstoepaslikheid van die vertaalde sinslyste verantwoordelik. Aanpassings is op grond van die komitees se aanbevelings gemaak, waarna die sinslyste aan Studie A van die ontwikkelingsfase onderwerp is. Met die oog op die evaluasie van die kulturele-, dialektiese- en ouderdomstoepaslikheid van die woordeskat, is sestig proefpersone geselekteer. Daar is gepoog om 'n balans te verkry ten opsigte van geslag, ouderdom (8-15 jaar en 18-25 jaar) en gebied (stad en platteland). Analise van variansie ontledings het geen statisties beduidende veskille tussen die onderskeie sinslyste aangedui nie. Ten einde die betroubaarheid van metings te verhoog, is die volledige stel sinne vervolgens aan 'n rekenaarprogram onderwerp met die oog op die samestelling van 'n finale stel sinslyste wat gebalanseer is ten opsigte van foneeminhoud. Tien Iyste bestaande uit tien sinne elk is uiteindelik saamgestel en aan Studie B van die ontwikkelingsfase onderwerp. Met die oog op die kontrolering van die ekwivalensie van saamgestelde sinslyste is sestien proefpersone vir hierdie Studie geselekteer. Die finale stel van tien sinslyste is teen 'n vasgestelde sein-tot-ruis verhouding aan hierdie proefpersone aangebied en response is statisties ontleed. Die Tukey Groeperings het by 'n 95% vertrouensinterval bevestig dat sinslyste 6 en 10 beduidend van die ander Iyste verskil het ten opsigte van moeilikheidsgraad. Hierdie Iyste is uit die toetsmateriaal weggelaat. Die laaste hoofstukke van die studie behels 'n kritiese evaluering van die studie asook voorstelle vir verdere navorsing met die oog op standaardisasie van hierdie materiaal. ENGLISH: This study involved the first phase of the development of evaluation material for the assessment of hearing-impaired Xhosa speakers. In light of the present South African climate of cultural and language diversity, the need for culturally valid evaluation material in the field of audiological rehabilitation, was identified. Previous research focused exclusively on the compilation of wordlists. Sentences, however, provide high level contextual linguistic information. The validity of evaluation is thus increased as a result of evaluating the individual within a more representative listening environment. During the design phase of the study, the Bamford-Kowal-Bench (BKB) Sentence Lists were translated by a mothertongue Xhosa speaker. Two committees were responsible for the grammatical and cultural correction as well as an overview of the age appropriateness of vocabulary. Based on the committees' recommendations certain adaptations were made before subjecting the material to Study A of the development phase. In order to evaluate the cultural-, dialectal and age appropriateness of the vocabulary, sixty subjects were selected. Subjects were balanced in terms of gender, age (8-15 years and 18-25 years) and geographical area (urban and rural). Statistical analysis of variance indicated no significant difference amongst the sentence lists. In order to increase the reliability of measurements, the entire set of sentences were subject to a computerized programme to compile phonemically balanced lists. Ten lists of ten sentences each were compiled and implemented in Study B of the development phase. Sixteen subjects were selected to participate in this study in order to verify the equivalency of the ten lists. The final set of ten lists was presented at a fixed signal-tonoise ratio and subjects' responses were analysed statistically. The Tukey Grouping confirmed at a 95% confidence interval, that Lists 6 and 10 were significantly different in terms of difficulty. These lists were omitted from the final material. The last chapters of the dissertation included a critical evaluation of results as well as recommendations for future research aimed at standardisation of the material. / Dissertation (MA (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted