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Evaluation of the applicability of geophysical methods when characterizing mine waste in Yxsjöberg, SwedenMatilda, Palo January 2021 (has links)
Smaltjärnen tailings repository located in Yxsjöberg, Sweden, attracts researchers with questions regarding characterization and potential re-mining. This thesis continuous geophysical characterization done by researchers from the Exploration Geophysics department at Luleå University of Technology but using new data from 2019. Geophysical methods used were self potential (SP), direct current resistivity (DCR), induced polarization (IP), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). SP data were collected using a fixed base procedure and equipment from EMIT. Data were processed in MATLAB and presented in Oasis Montaj/ Geosoft software, yielding results difficult to interpret. Similar pattern was seen in previous investigations from 2016. However, some discrepancies were noticed, and more work is needed in order to validate these data. Therefore, data is presented without any interpretation. RES2DINV inversion software by Geotomo Software (now maintained by Aarhus GeoSoftware) was used for inversion of DCR data to produce four 2D resistivity sections, and the 3D resistivity model was made by Jingyu Gao with his software. DCR data were acquired by using Terrameter LS by ABEM and measuring using a roll-along procedure and dipole-dipole configuration. Results show consistency between vertical variations at profile crossings from different profiles. Three layers are indicated from results, interpreted to contain mine tailings and quaternary deposits, at some locations interpreted to be water-saturated, and bedrock. No IP effect is seen at Smaltjärnen. GPR data were processed in GPRSoft® PRO produced by Geoscanners to understand internal structures and water table, by using zero-offset surveying with 250 MHz antenna from Malå Geoscience and 300 MHz antenna from Geoscanners. Since the tailings of Smaltjärnen consists of very thin layers, the results are complex to interpret. Hyperbolas and layers, along with other more uncertain patterns, are seen in radargrams, and further research is needed to fully understand the images.
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Critical elements scavenged by secondary gypsum and HFO : Determined by sequential extraction combined with mineralogical studiesFlodin, Emma January 2022 (has links)
The demand for metals is great for the purpose of developing green technologies, and EU has listed 30 metals and minerals that are of critical importance for the maintenance and evolving of today’s society, so called critical materials. However, mining of raw materials generates mine waste which can have adverse effect on human health, ecosystems, and surrounding areas. To be able to prevent the release of toxic levels of elements from mine waste, an understanding of how different elements behave in the secondary environments is necessary in order to use the most successful methods for mining remediation. It is common that secondary minerals, such as gypsum and/or HFOs (hydrous ferric oxides), forms in mine waste or in downstream environments, depending on the geochemical conditions. From prior studies, it is well established that trace elements are sorbed by HFO. But studies are scares regarding co-precipitation of elements with secondary gypsum formation, and few studies investigates the possibility of critical elements to be captured by secondary minerals. In this study, a prior unknown white precipitation along with tailings material from the Smaltjärnen tailings beach in Yxsjöberg, Sweden, has been investigated by combining mineralogical studies (SEM-EDS and DXRD analysis) with sequential extraction. The aim with the study was to identify the precipitation and to examine if critical elements had co-precipitated with the precipitation and HFOs within the sample. From the results it was possible to prove that the white precipitation was gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O), and it was indicated that some of the critical elements (beryllium for instance) showed affinity for gypsum, and that bismuth, tungsten, and chromium were sorped by HFOs. The combining of chemical analysis with mineralogical studies was of great importance for determining in which mineral phases the leached elements were situated, and the study has shown that secondary gypsum formation can be an important sink for some critical elements. More studies should be performed within this field of research to further investigate the importance of secondary minerals for scavenging of elements, not only to prevent toxic levels to be leached, but also to capture these elements in the purpose of re-mining. / Idag är behovet av metaller stort inom användningsområden för att utveckla gröna teknologier. EU har därför listat 30 metaller och mineral (kritiska material) som anses vara kritiska för att underhålla och utveckla dagens samhälle. Men brytning av råmaterial resulterar i generering av gruvavfall där avfallet potentiellt kan utgöra en risk för att skada bland annat människors hälsa och ekosystem. För att kunna förhindra att giftiga halter av grundämnen släpps ut från gruvavfall så krävs en förståelse om hur olika ämnen beter sig i sekundära miljöer, för att på så sätt kunna tillämpa de mest framgångsrika metoderna för sanering och återställning av gruvområden. Det är vanligt förekommande att sekundära mineraler (såsom gips och järnhydroxider) fälls ut i gruvavfallet och/eller nedströms om gruvområdet beroende på de geokemiska förhållandena. Tidigare studier har visat att spårämnen kan binda till järnhydroxider, men endast ett fåtal studier undersöker samutfällning av olika spårämnen tillsammans med sekundärt gips. Hur specifikt kritiska metaller kan fångas upp av sekundära mineral är ännu inte välstuderat. I denna studie har en vit, tidigare okänd, utfällning provtagits från en av deponierna med anrikningssand i den historiska volframgruvan i Yxsjöberg. Utfällningen identifierades genom att kombinera mineralogiska studier (SEM-EDS och DXRD analys) med kemiska lakvattenanalyser från en sekventiell lakning. Målet med studien var att mineralogiskt karaktärisera den okända utfällningen och att undersöka om kritiska ämnen möjligen samutfällts tillsammans med de sekundära mineralen. Studien visade att utfällningen var sekundärt gips (CaSO4*2H2O) och det kunde påvisas att vissa kritiska metaller visade affinitet för gipset (exempelvis beryllium) och att andra kritiska metaller samutfällts/adsorberats av järnhydroxider. Att kombinera dom olika metoderna visade sig att vara till stor nytta för att kunna påvisa vilka mineral dom olika grundämnena var bundna till, och studien har även visat att sekundärt gips kan vara en sänka för vissa kritiska metaller. Mer studier bör utföras inom detta forskningsområde i framtiden för att vidare undersöka hur sekundära mineral kan binda kritiska metaller, inte endast för att förhindra att giftiga halter av metaller släpps ut, utan också för att undersöka möjligheten att återvinna gruvavfallet för utvinning av kritiska metaller.
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