Every year, thousands of people all over the world are loosing their lives in natural disasters. As a second most widespread hazard, landslides are still a disaster problem for Turkey. The long-term monitoring studies of instability phenomena have a paramount importance for Turkey to reduce its both direct and indirect effects. The objective of this thesis is to monitor the activity of the B&uuml / lb&uuml / lderesi and Bakacak landslides in Asarsuyu Catchment for 42 years period by the digital aerial photogrammetric techniques while evaluating the possible use of archive aerial photography in such analysis. To achieve the purpose of the study an orthophoto map was generated by aerial photographs belonging to 1994 year. The orthophoto map was utilized as a base map for aerial photo interpretation of different sets of aerial photographs corresponding to 1952, 1972, 1984 and 1994 years. As a result of this, 4 landslide activity maps are obtained. In addition, the characteristics of these landslides are analyzed by utilizing digital elevation model (DEM) created from stereo photographs of 1994. As a result of the study, no considerable variation is detected in the position of main boundaries of B&uuml / lb&uuml / lderesi and Bakacak landslides except some minor differences. However, within the landslides many topographical changes were observed between 1952 and 1994 period. Based on the profiles from toe to crest of the B&uuml / lb&uuml / lderesi landslide, the approximate length was measured as 4773m whereas the approximate width was about 2614m. The areal extent was calculated as ~12km2 having an approximate slope gradient ranging between 10-15&deg / with local variations. On the other hand, the approximate length of Bakacak landslide was 4420m and the approximate width was 832m from toe to crest with an area of ~4km2 and with an approximate slope angle 9-14&deg / .

Structural evaluation and seismic vulnerability assessment of Reinforced Concrete (R/C) buildings have especially become the focus of many researches in Turkey and abroad especially after the August 17, 1999 earthquake causing major life and property losses. A devastating earthquake being expected in Istanbul-Marmara region raises many questions on how well the existing buildings are constructed and whether they can stand a major earthquake. Evaluation of existing buildings for seismic vulnerability requires time consuming input preparation (pre-processing), modelling, and post processing of analysis results. The objective of the study is to perform automated seismic vulnerability assessment of existing R/C buildings automatically over the internet by asking internet users to enter their building related data, and streamlining the modelling-analysis-reporting phases by intelligent programming. The internet based assessment tool is prepared for two levels of complexity: (a) the detailed level targets to carry out seismic evaluation of the buildings using a linear structural analysis software developed for this study / (b) the simplified level produces seismic evaluation index for buildings, based on simple and easy to enter general building information which can be entered by any person capable of using an internet browser. Detailed level evaluation program includes a user friendly interface between the internet user and analysis software, which will enable data entry, database management, and online evaluation/reporting of R/C buildings. Building data entered by numerous users over the internet will also enable formation of an extensive database of buildings located all around Turkey. 36 buildings from D&uuml / zce damage database, generated by the cooperation of Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (T&Uuml / BiTAK) and Structural Engineering Research Unit (SERU) after the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli and the 12 November 1999 D&uuml / zce earthquakes, are used in the analyses to identify relationship between calculated indices and observed damage levels of buildings, which will enable prediction of building damage levels for future earthquakes. The research is funded by Science Research Program (BAP 2003-03-03-03), NATO-SfP 977231, and TUBITAK ICTAG-I574 projects. The contribution of the research is composed of a) online building index -performance analysis/evaluation software which might be used by any average internet user, b) an ever-growing R/C building database entered by various internet users.

This thesis is about the processes and attitudes behind building production as it is about architecture as such, and it aims at understanding architecture&amp / #8217 / s critical capacity and its relation to wider society. In this context, the differing attitudes and orientations in the construction of the residential environments in D&uuml / zce after the two unsettling earthquakes that took place in 1999 are believed to provide a study field, where the relationship between architecture and different economic, political and cultural structures that constitute civil society can be examined. Against this backdrop, our discussion will concentrate on the specific housing concerns and solutions proposed by three different groups, namely: &amp / #8216 / Solidarity Houses Project&amp / #8217 / realized by the villagers of G&ouml / lyaka, settlement proposal for G&ouml / lyaka prepared by the Project Implementation Unit of Prime Ministry and the struggle of the D&uuml / zce Depremzedeler Dernegi for tenants&amp / #8217 / rights. The examination of these case studies will be based on our reading of Henri Lefebvre&amp / #8217 / s &amp / #8216 / Production of Space&amp / #8217 / and particularly his analytical categories: physical, mental and social space. The relation between this theoretical framework and the case studies will be a reciprocal one, in which the analysis on the three examples of house production will both utilize the analytical framework and be an instrument for understanding it. Although considered separately, the concepts we discuss in each chapter are inextricably interwoven. At the end what we aim to outline is a more total picture of the character of the redevelopment processes after the 1999 Marmara earthquakes and represent architectural practice in its complexity.

In this study, the seismic fragility assessment of low-rise and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings which constitute approximately 75 % of the total building stock in Turkey is investigated to quantify the earthquake risk. The inventory used in this study is selected from D&uuml / zce damage database which was compiled after the devastating 1999 earthquakes in the Marmara region. These buildings are not designed according to the current code regulations and the supervision in the construction phase is not adequate. The building database is divided into sub-classes according to the height and absence of infilled walls. Each building in the database is represented by an equivalent single degree of freedom system with three structural parameters: period, strength, and post-elastic stiffness ratio. The ground motion records are selected from different parts of the world covering a wide range of characteristics. The capacity of the structure is represented for each sub-class by the limit states. Hence, a set of fragility curves for low- and mid-rise reinforced concrete structures are developed by making use of the building characteristics in the database. The generated fragility curve set is referred as &ldquo / reference&rdquo / since it forms the basis of a parametric study. A parametric study is conducted to examine the influence of post-elastic stiffness ratio, simulation and sampling techniques, sample size, limit state definition and degrading behavior on the final fragility curves. Estimated damage distribution after two consecutive major earthquakes is compared with the actual field data in order to investigate the validity of the generated fragility curves.

The North Anatolian Fault System is one of the most important active strike-slip fault systems in the world. The August 17, 1999 and November 12, 1999 earthquakes at Kocaeli and D&uuml / zce are the most recent devastating earthquakes. The study area lies in the Eastern Marmara Region and is bounded by the 28.55-33.75 E and 40.00-41.20 N, latitude and longitude coordinates, respectively. There are numerous studies conducted in the study area in terms of active tectonics and seismicity, however studies are scale dependent. Therefore, a comprehensive literature survey regarding active tectonics of the region was conducted and these previous studies were combined with the lineaments extracted from 10 ASTER images via principle component analysis manual extraction method. Therefore, a line seismic source model for the Eastern Marmara region was compiled mainly based on major seismic events of instrumental period. The seismicity of these line segments were compared with the instrumental period earthquake catalogue compiled by Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute with a homogeneous magnitude scale between 1900 and 2005. Secondary event and completeness of this catalogue was checked. The final catalogue was matched with the compiled seismic source for historical seismicity and source-scenario-segment-weight relationships were developed. This developed seismic source model was tested by a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for D&uuml / zce city center by utilizing four different ground motion prediction equations. It was observed that Gutenberg-Richter seismicity parameter &lsquo / b&rsquo / does not have significant effect over the model, however change in the segmentation model have a low but certain influence.