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89Zr-Imuno-PET/111In-Imuno- SPECT: desenvolvimento radiofarmacêutico de agentes de imagem molecular para receptores EGF / 89Zr immuno-PET/111In imuno-SPECT: Radiopharmaceutical development of molecular imaging agents for EGF receptorsRaquel Benedetto 08 December 2017 (has links)
A baixa seletividade dos métodos convencionais para diagnóstico e terapia de neoplasias, bem como o fato de nem sempre alcançarem o sucesso terapêutico desejado, configuram dificuldades para a prática oncológica. Diante disso, os anticorpos monoclonais (AcMs) radiomarcados, aplicados em técnicas diagnósticas, têm se destacado, visto que permitem a entrega seletiva da radiação ao alvo de interesse. A metodologia Radioimunodiagnóstico (RID), utilizando AcM anti-EGFR radiomarcado, possibilita triagem prévia, avaliando a resistência ao tratamento e estratificando pacientes que possam apresentar benefícios à imunoterapia com cetuximabe. Além disso, permite monitorar a progressão da terapia, visando tratamento mais efetivo e direcionado, promulgando a abordagem da medicina personalizada. No Brasil, ainda não há radioimunoconjugado disponível para diagnóstico e seguimento do câncer. Nesse contexto, o objetivo com este trabalho foi o de desenvolver uma formulação farmacêutica para padronizar uma rotina de produção dos radiofármacos para radioimunodiagnóstico de câncer de cabeça e pescoço e de câncer colorretal: cetuximabe-DTPA-111In e cetuximabe-DFO-89Zr. Em adição, corroborar na elucidação dos mecanismos de resistência das células tumorais à terapia com o cetuximabe, através da realização de estudos de ligação do radioimunoconjugado à receptores celulares. Em relação aos radiofármacos estudados, destaca-se que os processos de conjugação do cetuximabe com os quelantes DTPA, na razão molar 1:20, e com o DFO, 1:5, foram bem-sucedidos e otimizados, demonstrando boa reprodutibilidade. Os imunoconjugados apresentaram preservação da imunorreatividade e alta estabilidade quando armazenados a -20°C por até seis meses. Esses imunoconjugados, quando radiomarcado com 111In e 89Zr, exibiram pureza radioquímica superior a 95%, sem necessidade de purificação pós-marcação, e estabilidade por tempo que possibilita seu transporte às clínicas distantes do centro produtor. As análises in vitro do cetuximabe-DTPA-111In em células FaDu-C10 (linhagem resistente) demonstraram percentual inexpressivo de ligação e internalização do radioimunoconjugado, congruindo na explanação do modelo de resistência conferido à linhagem. O estudo de corpo inteiro em MicroPET/TC revelou redução no perfil de captação no grupo de bloqueio, com excesso de cetuximabe não marcado, e intensa captação do cetuximabe-DFO-89Zr pelo tumor de células escamosas no grupo sem bloqueador, confirmando a especificidade in vivo do radioimunoconjugado. Os estudos de biodistribuição dos radiofármacos foram compatíveis com os descritos em literatura e validaram os resultados obtidos por imagens em MicroSPECT/TC e MicroPET/TC, além de apresentarem apreciável captação tumoral, considerando os tempos analisados. A estabilidade alta in vivo e a eficácia da marcação foram confirmadas pela baixa captação óssea e em tecidos não alvos. O melhor intervalo pós-injeção do radiofármaco para avaliação in vivo foi após cinco dias da administração. Conclui-se, portanto, que os radioimunoconjugados para imuno-SPECT e imuno-PET, cetuximabe-DTPA-111In e cetuximabe-DFO-89Zr, são ferramentas promissoras para diagnóstico e monitoramento de câncer receptor específico (EGFR) e para estratificação de pacientes à terapia anti-EGFR, encorajando a continuidade deste projeto para futuros estudos clínicos. / The low selectivity of conventional methods for cancer diagnosis and therapy, as well as the fact that these methods could not achieve the desired therapeutic success, constitute difficulties for the oncological practice. In this regard, radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) applied in diagnostic techniques have been highlighted, since they allow the selective delivery of the radiation to the specific target. The radioimmunodiagnosis methodology (RID), using radiolabeled anti-EGFR mAbs, enables previous screening, evaluating resistance to treatment and stratifying patients who may present benefits to cetuximab immunotherapy. In addition, it allows monitoring the progression of the therapy, aiming for a more effective and directed treatment, leading the personalized medicine approach. A radioimmunoconjugate is not yet available for diagnosis and management of cancer in Brazil. In this context, this research was carried out to develop a pharmaceutical formulation to standardize a routine production of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and monitoring head and neck cancer and colorectal carcinoma: 111In-DTPA-cetuximab and 89Zr-DFO-cetuximab. In addition, corroborate in the elucidation of the tumor cells resistance mechanisms to EGFR-targeted therapy, through in vitro and in vivo radioimmunoconjugate binding studies to cellular receptors. Regarding to the radiopharmaceuticals studied, cetuximab was conjugated to DTPA chelator at 1:20 molar ratio and to DFO at 1: 5, and these processes were successful and optimized, showing good reproducibility. Immunoconjugates showed preservation of immunoreactivity and high stability when stored at -20 °C for up to 6 months. These immunoconjugates when radiolabeled with 111In and 89Zr have exhibited radiochemical purity above 95%, without any post-labeling purification, and the radioimmunoconjugates have demonstrated stability for a time that allows them to be transported to clinics far from the producer center. 111In-DTPA-cetuximab in vitro analyzes in FaDu-C10 cells (resistant cell line) has presented an inexpressive percentage of binding and internalization of the radioimmunoconjugate, ensuring the resistance model conferred to this cell line. The MicroPET/CT imaging study has revealed a reduction in uptake profile for \"Blocking\" group, with an excess of unlabeling cetuximab, and an intense 89Zr-DFO-cetuximab uptake in squamous cell tumor for \"Non-blocking\" group, that evidenced the in vivo radioimmunoconjugate specificity. The biodistribution studies of the radiopharmaceuticals were well-matched with those described in the literature and they validated the results obtained through the MicroSPECT/CT and MicroPET/ CT images. In addition, these studies in vivo have displayed a substantial tumor uptake, according with the analyzed time points. The radioimmunoconjugate showed high in vivo stability and labeling procedures efficiency, which were confirmed by low bone and non-target tissues uptake. The best post-injection interval for in vivo evaluation is after 5 days of radioimmunoconjugate administration. In conclusion, the radioimmunoconjugates for immuno-SPECT and immuno-PET, 111In-DTPA-cetuximab and 89Zr-DFO-cetuximab, are promising tools for diagnosis and monitoring of specific receptor cancer (EGFR), as well as for stratification of patients to anti-EGFR therapy, and thus encourages the continuity of this project for future clinical trials.
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89Zr-Imuno-PET/111In-Imuno- SPECT: desenvolvimento radiofarmacêutico de agentes de imagem molecular para receptores EGF / 89Zr immuno-PET/111In imuno-SPECT: Radiopharmaceutical development of molecular imaging agents for EGF receptorsBenedetto, Raquel 08 December 2017 (has links)
A baixa seletividade dos métodos convencionais para diagnóstico e terapia de neoplasias, bem como o fato de nem sempre alcançarem o sucesso terapêutico desejado, configuram dificuldades para a prática oncológica. Diante disso, os anticorpos monoclonais (AcMs) radiomarcados, aplicados em técnicas diagnósticas, têm se destacado, visto que permitem a entrega seletiva da radiação ao alvo de interesse. A metodologia Radioimunodiagnóstico (RID), utilizando AcM anti-EGFR radiomarcado, possibilita triagem prévia, avaliando a resistência ao tratamento e estratificando pacientes que possam apresentar benefícios à imunoterapia com cetuximabe. Além disso, permite monitorar a progressão da terapia, visando tratamento mais efetivo e direcionado, promulgando a abordagem da medicina personalizada. No Brasil, ainda não há radioimunoconjugado disponível para diagnóstico e seguimento do câncer. Nesse contexto, o objetivo com este trabalho foi o de desenvolver uma formulação farmacêutica para padronizar uma rotina de produção dos radiofármacos para radioimunodiagnóstico de câncer de cabeça e pescoço e de câncer colorretal: cetuximabe-DTPA-111In e cetuximabe-DFO-89Zr. Em adição, corroborar na elucidação dos mecanismos de resistência das células tumorais à terapia com o cetuximabe, através da realização de estudos de ligação do radioimunoconjugado à receptores celulares. Em relação aos radiofármacos estudados, destaca-se que os processos de conjugação do cetuximabe com os quelantes DTPA, na razão molar 1:20, e com o DFO, 1:5, foram bem-sucedidos e otimizados, demonstrando boa reprodutibilidade. Os imunoconjugados apresentaram preservação da imunorreatividade e alta estabilidade quando armazenados a -20°C por até seis meses. Esses imunoconjugados, quando radiomarcado com 111In e 89Zr, exibiram pureza radioquímica superior a 95%, sem necessidade de purificação pós-marcação, e estabilidade por tempo que possibilita seu transporte às clínicas distantes do centro produtor. As análises in vitro do cetuximabe-DTPA-111In em células FaDu-C10 (linhagem resistente) demonstraram percentual inexpressivo de ligação e internalização do radioimunoconjugado, congruindo na explanação do modelo de resistência conferido à linhagem. O estudo de corpo inteiro em MicroPET/TC revelou redução no perfil de captação no grupo de bloqueio, com excesso de cetuximabe não marcado, e intensa captação do cetuximabe-DFO-89Zr pelo tumor de células escamosas no grupo sem bloqueador, confirmando a especificidade in vivo do radioimunoconjugado. Os estudos de biodistribuição dos radiofármacos foram compatíveis com os descritos em literatura e validaram os resultados obtidos por imagens em MicroSPECT/TC e MicroPET/TC, além de apresentarem apreciável captação tumoral, considerando os tempos analisados. A estabilidade alta in vivo e a eficácia da marcação foram confirmadas pela baixa captação óssea e em tecidos não alvos. O melhor intervalo pós-injeção do radiofármaco para avaliação in vivo foi após cinco dias da administração. Conclui-se, portanto, que os radioimunoconjugados para imuno-SPECT e imuno-PET, cetuximabe-DTPA-111In e cetuximabe-DFO-89Zr, são ferramentas promissoras para diagnóstico e monitoramento de câncer receptor específico (EGFR) e para estratificação de pacientes à terapia anti-EGFR, encorajando a continuidade deste projeto para futuros estudos clínicos. / The low selectivity of conventional methods for cancer diagnosis and therapy, as well as the fact that these methods could not achieve the desired therapeutic success, constitute difficulties for the oncological practice. In this regard, radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) applied in diagnostic techniques have been highlighted, since they allow the selective delivery of the radiation to the specific target. The radioimmunodiagnosis methodology (RID), using radiolabeled anti-EGFR mAbs, enables previous screening, evaluating resistance to treatment and stratifying patients who may present benefits to cetuximab immunotherapy. In addition, it allows monitoring the progression of the therapy, aiming for a more effective and directed treatment, leading the personalized medicine approach. A radioimmunoconjugate is not yet available for diagnosis and management of cancer in Brazil. In this context, this research was carried out to develop a pharmaceutical formulation to standardize a routine production of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and monitoring head and neck cancer and colorectal carcinoma: 111In-DTPA-cetuximab and 89Zr-DFO-cetuximab. In addition, corroborate in the elucidation of the tumor cells resistance mechanisms to EGFR-targeted therapy, through in vitro and in vivo radioimmunoconjugate binding studies to cellular receptors. Regarding to the radiopharmaceuticals studied, cetuximab was conjugated to DTPA chelator at 1:20 molar ratio and to DFO at 1: 5, and these processes were successful and optimized, showing good reproducibility. Immunoconjugates showed preservation of immunoreactivity and high stability when stored at -20 °C for up to 6 months. These immunoconjugates when radiolabeled with 111In and 89Zr have exhibited radiochemical purity above 95%, without any post-labeling purification, and the radioimmunoconjugates have demonstrated stability for a time that allows them to be transported to clinics far from the producer center. 111In-DTPA-cetuximab in vitro analyzes in FaDu-C10 cells (resistant cell line) has presented an inexpressive percentage of binding and internalization of the radioimmunoconjugate, ensuring the resistance model conferred to this cell line. The MicroPET/CT imaging study has revealed a reduction in uptake profile for \"Blocking\" group, with an excess of unlabeling cetuximab, and an intense 89Zr-DFO-cetuximab uptake in squamous cell tumor for \"Non-blocking\" group, that evidenced the in vivo radioimmunoconjugate specificity. The biodistribution studies of the radiopharmaceuticals were well-matched with those described in the literature and they validated the results obtained through the MicroSPECT/CT and MicroPET/ CT images. In addition, these studies in vivo have displayed a substantial tumor uptake, according with the analyzed time points. The radioimmunoconjugate showed high in vivo stability and labeling procedures efficiency, which were confirmed by low bone and non-target tissues uptake. The best post-injection interval for in vivo evaluation is after 5 days of radioimmunoconjugate administration. In conclusion, the radioimmunoconjugates for immuno-SPECT and immuno-PET, 111In-DTPA-cetuximab and 89Zr-DFO-cetuximab, are promising tools for diagnosis and monitoring of specific receptor cancer (EGFR), as well as for stratification of patients to anti-EGFR therapy, and thus encourages the continuity of this project for future clinical trials.
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PET radiochemistry for the investigation of the biology of pain and inflammationFairclough, Michael Edward January 2015 (has links)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an important and powerful nuclear imaging modality and is essential in a range of medical fields. A suitable radiotracer must be identified in order for PET imaging to provide high quality and quantifiable data about the pathology. This includes the design and implementation of optimal radiochemistry that will reliably deliver the radiotracer that can answer the pertinent biological questions being asked. PET can be used to study the biological processes which are involved in pain perception and inflammatory responses that can occur in a number of chronic and acute conditions. This thesis aims to demonstrate how PET radiochemistry can enhance our knowledge of these biological processes and permits access to the underlying molecular mechanisms behind pain and inflammation. This thesis has been written in an alternative format, comprising the different areas which have been investigated. The work encompasses the study of the endogenous opioid system using the opioid receptor antagonist [11C]diprenorphine. This includes the design and automation of [11C]diprenorphine radiochemistry followed by the development of a method to reliably analyse its metabolism. Finally the application of [11C]diprenorphine in a clinical PET study, investigating opioid receptor occupancy by endogenous opioids as well as up-regulation of opioid receptors in the brain, is described. In the study of inflammation a pro-inflammatory cytokine, recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1RA), was radiolabelled with novel 18F radiochemistry permitting pharmacokinetic study in pre-clinical models. This is followed by the design of a new technique to radiolabel white blood cells with 89Zr for quantifiable cell trafficking with PET. For this technique, chitosan nanoparticles are used to deliver the radio-metal cargo into white blood cells with a proposed application in inflammatory models. The process of chitosan nanoparticle construction is described alongside development of a procedure that is optimised for use in the proposed application. This thesis covers a variety of topics illustrating the contribution of PET radiochemistry in the area of pain and inflammation. The synergy between identification of new biological targets and development of radiotracers and radiolabelling strategies ensure PET radiochemistry will continue to contribute to our knowledge of pain and inflammation and aid understanding of its role in countless medical conditions.
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