This work is focused on the description of the commodity market as a market in which a lot of opportunities are hidden. This market is an attractive investment for obtaining and saving money. The aim is to clarify the attractiveness of commodities to investors and through the historical development to analyze the commodity market in today's society. Another goal is to introduce commodities as instruments, which have become a competitor to other forms of investment (eg shares, bonds or real estate). Based on the findings from the analysis of the history, current market expert and major investors and investment opportunities will be filled with the main objective of the thesis, ie, prediction of future market development of selected commodities - gold, oil, coffee and wheat - in the next decade.

Táto práca sa zaoberá novým spôsobom manipulácie mikro a nano objektov, konkrétne tekutých AuGe ostrovčekov pomocou elektrónového zväzku. V prvej časti je diskutovaný mechanizmus manipulácie, je popísaný princíp a ďalej sú uvedené experimenty a simulácie potvrdzujúce tento princíp. Druhá časť práce sa zaoberá využitím uvedenej manipulácie k tvorenie mikro/nano štruktúr.

Diplomová práce se zabývá výrobou a využitím zlatých koloidních nanotyčinek v biomedicínských aplikacích. Konkrétně se zaměřuje na tři základní funkce nanočástic v analýze - transportní, separační a především zobrazovací. V části o využití nanočástic pro zobrazování je hlavní zájem věnován zejména povrchové plazmonové rezonanci zlatých nantyčinek. Dále je práce zaměřena na využití nanotyčinek pro termální terapii. Následující část je věnována vhodným modifikacím povrchu, hlavně za účelem zmírnění toxicity částic. Závěrem teoretické části jsou způsoby přípravy zlatých koloidních nanotyčinek a techniky jejich následné analýzy. V navazující experimetální části jsou uvedeny postupy, podmínky a výsledky provedených pokusů.

The presented diploma thesis is focused on the Localized Surface Plasmons (LSP). The far-field optical response of the colloidal solutions of gold nanoparticles caused by LSP was investigated and compared with the numerical calculations. For the simulations, the Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) and Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) techniques were employed. In particular, the shape and size effects of spherical particles and nanorods were studied. The simulations performed by both methods are in a good agreement for the spheres. For the nanorods, the resonance was found to be affected markedly by their geometry. Also, broader resonance peaks were found. This effect was assigned to the sample size distribution and its influence is discussed by comparing the simulations with experiments. In addition, synthesis of nanorods was carried out as well. Finally, the results on the study of optical properties of silver clusters formed under equilibrium conditions are presented.

Tato diplomová práce je zaměřená na výrobu Au-PANI-Au nanodrátů. Prezentovaná výroba nanodrátů je založená na elektrochemické depozici různých kovů a polymerizaci polyanilínu do porézních šablon z porézní anodické aluminy připravených anodizací hliníku. Teoretická část pojednává o základech elektrochémie a porézní anodické aluminy.

This thesis deals with green synthesis of noble metals nanoparticles. The first part contains secondary literature research which maps both the traditional and newly developed techniques of nanoparticles preparation. Most attention is given to the various types of green synthesis, which constitute an environmentally friendly alternative to industrially applied methods. The second part deals with the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles using tea broths. The section describes the entire synthesis process and includes photographic documentation. A total of eight colloidal solutions were prepared, four of each metal. The nanoparticles were subsequently analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy. A time-lapse spectroscopic description of each synthesis was also undertaken. Furthermore, the size distribution of the particles by volume was measured and compared with the pictures obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The results have showed that tea broths, especially those from black tea and rooibos, are suitable for the biosynthesis of stable noble metal nanoparticles.

Gold catalysis has recently experienced a sustained upswing in interest from scientific community. The amount of new reactions catalysed by gold is so significant that little is known about mechanisms of most of these reactions. Research into mechanisms of (not only) gold catalysed reactions is therefore very significant area of interest and important to the continued improvement of gold catalysed reactions. Formation of cationic π-complexes is considered a first mechanistic step in reactions catalysed by gold(I). The bond dissociation energies of gas phase cationic π-complexes were investigated by mass spectrometry and theory calculations in this thesis. These complexes consisted of differently substituted unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes and allenes) and complex cations of silver and gold containing second ligand (triphenylphosphine, acetonitrile). On the basis of the results obtained from this study, a possible origin of the "silver effect" in gold(I) catalysis is discussed. Key words catalysis, gold, silver, mass spectrometry, DFT calculations, reaction intermediates

This thesis is focused on increasing the senstitivity of gold determination by electrochemical volatile species generation using two different types of electrolytic cells in continuous flow setting. Externally heated quartz tube atomizer was used as means of atomization and detection of gold with atomic absorption spectrometer. Generation parameters were optimized for electrolytic cell with an ion exchange (nafion) membrane. After selection of new cathode material (Cu) the carrier gas (Ar) flow rate was optimized, where an additional inlet of carrier gas was found to have possitive effect on increasing the sensitivity of determination of gold and efficiency of volatile specie transport to the atomizer. Experiments with Antifoam B showed possitive effect on generation, thus calibration was carried out for optimized experimetal conditions reaching detection limit of 0,53 mg.dm−3 . The efficiency of volatile specie transfer from liquid to gaseous phase was determined between 60 - 65 % by measuring the residual gold content in liquid waste by F-AAS method. Subsequently the effieciency of electrolytic generation of volatile gold specie with radioactive tracer isotopes and autoradigraphy was determined to 0,6 %. These methods confirmed adsorption of generated species on apparatus surface. Using ICP-MS as...

Development and description of the nominal exchange rate of the dollar since 1945. Specification of determinants, which affected dollar exchange rate in the period. Consequences for United states economy and stability of the world fiscal system. Relation between dollar exchange rate and price of gold, relation between dollar exchange rate and price of crude oil. Relation betweén dollar exchange rate and significant financial crisis. Deskripce vývoje nominálního kursu dolaru v období od r. 1945 do současnosti. Určení faktorů, které tento vývoj ovlivňovaly. Důsledky pro ekonomiku USA a stabilitu světového finančního systému. Souvislost vývoje kursu dolaru se změnami cen zlata a ropy. Souvislost s významnějšími finančními krizemi.

This work aimed at the utilization of chemical principles for stabilization of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of carboranethiol derivatives on a flat gold surface. Ideas employing surface confined coordination complex formation and dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions were outlined and the respective literature survey was compiled. Preliminary experiments were carried out to test for their feasibility and surfaces modified with self assembled monolayers proved very sensitive to reaction conditions ordinarily used for bulk synthesis. The chemical sensitivity of the studied surfaces, the necessity of using appropriate surface-sensitive analytical techniques and the depth of the problem initially defined made this task both advanced and challenging. The formation of intermolecular coordination complexes with ω-carboxylated SAMs of meta-carborane-9-thiol was chosen to answer those issues, extending the previous work of the author on carboxylated carboranethiol isomers presented in his bachelor thesis. Concepts different of those based on coordination chemistry are briefly discussed as well, but more as prospects for future work and to present this work in a broader context to which it belongs. Characterization of molecules assembled on a surface in a single layer requires surface sensitive...