瞭解浮游動物與它們的捕食者之間的相互作用對指導我們瞭解浮游生物群體結構形成的過程以及整個生態系統的食物網結構有著重要的作用。浮游動物的捕食者對它們的進化產生影響，同時還塑造了它們複雜的行為，其中之一便是引起它們的反攝食防禦行為。改變形態結構，生活史各參數和行為運動方式是浮游動物採取的三類最主要的可誘導防禦策略。在情況多變、動態的海洋環境中，魚類通常是主要的捕食者，反攝食行為方式對浮游動物來說特別重要，因為其他兩類防禦模式主要對口裂寬度有限制的無脊椎捕食者較為有效。 / 海洋枝角類是一組廣泛分佈的小型甲殼類動物，它們時常成為浮游動物群體中重要的一部分，在海洋食物網中扮演重要的角色。本論文對香港吐露港海域海洋枝角類的反攝食防禦行為進行了全面的研究，包括晝夜垂直遷移，水準遷移，晝夜生殖和攝食節律。這些反攝食行為應隨著物種的不同及環境的不同而發生變化。考慮到鳥喙尖嘴溞、肥胖三角溞和多形圓囊溞三種物種不同生理的結構和攝食機制，將它們的反攝食防禦行為進行比較能夠檢驗一些關於外在和內在因素對反攝食行為形成影響的假設。此項研究第一個要檢驗的假設是仙達蚤科（鳥喙尖嘴溞）和圓囊溞科(肥胖三角溞和多形圓囊溞)身體結構上的不同會造成它們的反攝食行為多樣化。另一個假設是每個物種的反攝食行為的表現會受到環境條件的影響。 / 在吐露港對海洋枝角類的晝夜垂直和水準遷移行為的研究表明：鳥喙尖嘴溞並不進行晝夜垂直遷移。在2009年8月的研究中，大部分個體全天都避開水面而處在4－8米深的位置。在2010年4月大部分群體有反向遷移的跡象，夜間分佈在較深的水中。與之相反，肥胖三角溞和多形圓囊溞都有顯著的反向晝夜遷移行為。晝夜水準遷移在2010年4月三個物種中都存在，但是在2009年8月研究中的鳥喙尖嘴溞和肥胖三角溞中卻沒有任何晝夜水準遷移的跡象。 / 以晝夜腸道的飽和度為指示，我們對吐露港海洋枝角類的晝夜攝食節律進行了研究。無論是2009年8月還是2010年4月，鳥喙尖嘴溞腸道的飽和程度都有明顯的晝夜差別，它們的腸道總是在夜裡有最高的飽和度。肥胖三角溞和多形圓囊溞的腸道飽和度的晝夜節律非常相似，並且在不同的環境條件下一天的變化規律也幾乎相同，最明顯的特徵是與光線的強度緊密相關。 / 我們同時對吐露港海洋枝角類的晝夜生殖節律，尤其是無性胚胎的發育和幼體釋放出母體的時間進行了研究。在2009年8月和2010年4月的研究中鳥喙尖嘴溞和肥胖三角溞種群都只發現了無性生殖母體。鳥喙尖嘴溞的無性胚胎全天都可能成熟，並沒有一個清晰的發育規律。例如在2009年8月，攜帶發育成熟胚胎的鳥喙尖嘴溞在夜裡時占種群的比例最高，而且幼體釋放的時間大部分都在半夜至日出之間。然而在2010年4月研究中，攜帶發育成熟胚胎的鳥喙尖嘴溞占種群的比例最高的時間大約在日落時，大部分幼體也在日落到半夜之間發生。攜帶成熟胚胎的鳥喙尖嘴溞白天要比無胚胎或者攜帶為發育成熟胚胎的鳥喙尖嘴溞處在水中的深度更深，但是夜晚在2009年9月研究中集聚在水面處，可是在2010年4月中卻沒有觀察到這種現象。 / 肥胖三角溞無性胚胎的成熟和幼體的釋放卻有著非常嚴格的晝夜節律。無性母體只在黑夜的時候才攜帶眼睛具有黑色素、發育成熟的胚胎。釋放這些幼體在天亮前全部完成。在2010年4月，雌性多形圓囊溞分為無性繁殖多形圓囊溞和有性多形圓囊溞。攜帶有休眠卵的有性多形圓囊溞全天可見，在正午時占種群的比例最低，日出時最高。攜帶有休眠卵的有性多形圓囊溞在水中的位置比整個種群的位置無論是白天還是夜晚都更加深。 無性繁殖的比例仍然高於有性繁殖多形圓囊溞的比例。多形圓囊溞無性胚胎的成熟和幼體的釋放晝夜節律沒有肥胖三角溞那麼嚴格，因為除了深夜，在日落和日出也能見到零星的攜帶成熟胚胎的多形圓囊溞。但是絶大部分攜帶成熟無性胚胎的多形圓囊溞仍然出現在黑夜。 / 此項研究提供了很好的例子，明進一步瞭解海洋生態系統中躲避捕食者的機制。例如，濾食動物鳥喙尖嘴溞不依賴光照獲得食物，它的垂直分佈模式主要受環境的影響。它不具有嚴格的胚胎成熟與後代釋放的節律因為它們不會大大增加其可見性。但是它們通常白天的腸道飽和度低於夜晚，是一種降低可見行和捕食危險的行為。相反，肥胖三角溞和多形圓囊溞需要光線來攝食，因此白天必須留在水面上，腸道更為飽和，然而它們利用近乎透明的身體和嚴格的生殖節律來降低被依賴視覺的捕食者例如魚類捕食的危險。 / Understanding interactions between zooplankton and their predators is essential in guiding our understanding of the processes responsible for structuring plankton communities and marine food web. Predators exert evolutionary force on prey and also shape the complex behavior of zooplankton species, which includes anti-predator defenses. Morphology alteration, life history shifts and behavioral changes, are three major inducible defenses adopted by zooplankton spe-cies. In highly dynamic marine environment where fish are usually the donimant predators, be-havioral anti-predator defenses are particularly important, since the others are mainly effective against gape-limited invertebrate predators. / Marine cladocerans are a group of widely distributed small crustaceans, which at times consti-tute a significant proportion of the zooplankton community and play an important role in marine food web. This thesis presents a detailed study of the anti-predator behaviors of thre marine cladoceran species in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong, including diel vertical migration (DVM), diel horizontal migration (DHM), diel reproductive rhythm and diel feeding rhythm (DFR). The anti-predator behaviors are supposed to vary among different species as well as environmental conditions. The hypothesis being tested in this study is that the physical differences between Sididae (P. avirostris) and Podonidae (P. tergestina and P. polyohemoides) make the pattern of behavioral defenses diverse. Another hypothesis is that the exhibition of behavioral defenses by each species will be regulated by environmental conditions. / The study showed that P. avirostris did not perform DVM. In August 2009, the majority of the population avided the surface and stayed at the food-rich 4-8 m throughout the day. In April 2010, P. avirostris showed the trend of reverse DVM, descending to a little deeper water at night. On the contrary, P. tergestina and P. polyphemoides showed pronounced reverse DVM in both study periods. DHM was found in all three species in April 2010, but not in August 2009. / Diel feeding rhythm was studied using diel rhythm in gut fullness as an indicator. P. avirostris showed day-night difference in the gut fullness, with fullest guts during the night in both August 2009 and April 2010. Gut fullness rhythm in P. tergestina and P. polyphemoides was quite simi-lar to each other and different from P. avirostris. Their gut fullness was closely related with light intensity. / In both August 2009 and April 2010, P. avirostris and P. tergestina populations consisted of exclusively the parthenogenetic females. Maturation of brood in P. avirostris occurred through-out the day and there was no strict cycle. In August 2009, the highest percentage of parthenoge-netic females with mature embryos was around mid-night, and the release of neonates was maximal between mid-night and dawn. However, in the study of April 2010 the percentage was highest around dawn and maximal offspring release was between dawn and mid-night. Females carrying mature embryos always stayed deeper than females of other reproductive stages during the daytime, while during the night they aggregated at the surface in August 2009 but stay deep in April 2010. On the contrary, embryo maturation and release had a strict rhythm in P. tergestina, in which parthenogenetic females only carried mature embryos with pigmented eyes in darkness of the night and release of neonates was completed and maximal before dawn. InApril 2010 both gamongenetic and parthenogenetic females of P. polyphemoides were found. Gamogenetic P. polyphemoides females carried resting eggs all the day, with lowest percentage at noon and highest at dawn. The mean depth of the females carrying resting eggs was deeper than the mean depth of the population at both day and night. The population still consisted of more parthenogenetic females than gamogenetic females. The diel rhythm in embryo maturation and release in P. polyphemoides was not as strict as in P. tergestina, as females with mature embryos could be observed in dawn and dusk besides mid-night. However, the majority was still found in total darkness of the night. / The study provides further understanding of predator-avoidance mechanisms in marine ecosys-tem. Herbivorous suspension feeder P. avirostris does not rely on light to feed and its vertical distribution is subject to environmental conditions. It also does not have a strict diel rhythm in embryo maturation and release since the brood is not greatly increases their conspiciousness. However, P. avirostris always shows less full guts during the day than at night, a behavior probably reducing their risk to visual predators. On the contrary, podonid species P. tergestina and P. polyphemoides depend on light to feed, which forces them stay in well-lit water surface during the day and result in significantly higher gut fullness at the daytime, while their transpar-ent body and a strict diel rhythm in embryo maturation and release in darkness of the night help reduce the risk of predation by visual predators such as fish. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Li, Wei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-120). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Literature review --- p.1 / Chapter 2.1 --- Zooplankton anti-predator strategies --- p.1 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review on marine cladocerans --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Taxonomy of marine cladocerans --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Spatial and seasonal distribution of marine cladocerans --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Vertical distribution of marine cladocerans --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Diet behaviors --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Reproduction of marine cladocerans --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Objective --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Material and methods --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Description of study sites in Tolo Harbour --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- Field sampling --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Laboratory Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical Methods --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.32 / Chapter 4.1 --- Physical conditions of study sites --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2 --- Anti-predator behavior of marine cladoceran species --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Penilia avirostris --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Diel vertical migration (DVM) and horizontal migration (DHM) --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Diel gut fullness rhythm --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Diel reproduction pattern --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Pseudevadne tergestina --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Diel vertical migration (DVM) and horizontal migration (DHM) --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Diel gut fullness rhythm --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Diel reproduction pattern --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Pleopis polyphemoides --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Diel vertical migration (DVM) and horizontal migration (DHM) --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Diel gut fullness rhythm --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Diel reproduction pattern --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Summary and Conclusions --- p.100 / References --- p.103

A study has been made of the vertical distributions and migrations of a large number of zooplankton species at Weather Station "P" in the Subarctic Pacific. Simultaneously towed horizontal opening-closing nets were used for the study. The distributions and migrations of 104 taxa have been subjectively grouped into seven basic patterns. A few taxa could not be so grouped. Examination of hydrographic features reveals correlations between animal distributions and strong hydrographic gradients. It is concluded that: 1. In boreal oceanic waters, few animals perform diurnal migrations, 2. Depth ranges for most zooplankton are on the order of hundreds of meters, and 3. Hydrographic features may influence the vertical distributions and migrations of zooplankton. / Graduation date: 1974

This study is aimed to investigate the species composition and seasonal distribution of siphonophores in relation to water temperature and salinity in the coastal waters, southwestern Taiwan, from June 2001 to October 2002. In total, 39 siphonophoran species belonging to 17 genera and 5 families were identified, with the mean total abundance of 5301¡Ó8525 ind./100m3. The numerical abundance of siphonophores showed apparent seasonal change, higher in spring and autumn and lower in winter. The five most dominant species were Chelophyes contorta, Lensia subtiloides, Sulculeolaria chuni, Bassia bassensis and Diphyes bojani, and contributed to 80.2% of the total abundance of siphonophores. The mean abundance and species number of siphonophores were higher in surface water than in 0~100m oblique tow. The siphonophores found in the present study mostly belonged to the widespread oceanic species or widespread coastal species, and the dominant species were similar to those in the South China Sea. The dominant siphonophoran species exhibited apparently seasonal succession. Different dominant species showed different seasonal distribution patterns and percentage composition of sexual and asexual generations in total population. The total abundance of siphonophore showed significant (p>0.05) correlation with water salinity, but not temperature. The abundance of Chelophyes contorta, Lensia subtiloides, Abylopsis eschscholtzi and Diphyes chamissonis were significantly correlated to water temperature, but the abundance of Sulculeolaria chuni and Abylopsis tetragona showed significantly negative correlations with temperature. The abundance of Chelophyes contorta, Lensia subtiloides and Abylopsis eschscholtzi were significantly negatively correlated to salinity, but Sulculeolaria chuni showed significantly positive correlation with salinity.

The species composition, temporal and spatial distribution of siphonophores in relation to hydrographic variables in the waters off eastern Taiwan were examined during the period from May 2000 to July 2001. In total, 54 siphonophoran species belonging to 21 genera and 6 families were identified, with the mean abundance of 284 ¡Ó 18 inds. /1000m3. The numerical abundance of siphonophores showed an apparent seasonal change, higher in autumn and lower in winter and summer. The six most dominant species were Chelophyes contorta, Abylopsis tetragona, Bassia bassensis, A. eschscholtz, Eudoxoides mitra and Diphyes chamissonisi, and together they contributed to 75.1 % of the numerical total of siphonophores. The mean abundance, but not for species number, of siphonophores was significantly higher in Kuroshio waters than in coastal waters. Most siphonophores found in this study were belonged to the widespread oceanic species, and the dominant species composition was similar to those in the northern South China Sea. The dominant siphonophoran species exhibited apparent seasonal succession. Different dominant species, as well as their ratio of sexual and asexual generations, showed different seasonal distribution patterns. The total abundance of siphonophores was not significantly correlated to water temperature and salinity. The abundance of the six most dominant species showed different correlations with water temperature and salinity. The abundance of C. contorta showed significant positive correlation with water temperature, but negative correlation with water salinity. The abundance of B. bassensis showed significant negative correlation with water temperature, but positive correlation with water salinity. The abundance of E. mitra showed significant negative correlation with water salinity. The others were not significantly correlated to water temperature and salinity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2001. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-133).

Thesis (M. Agr. Sc.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. in environmental science)--Washington State University, December 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 18, 2010). "School of Earth and Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-45).

In the field, a 12-month survey was conducted at 6 stations spanning a wide salinity range in the Forth estuary, to investigate the influence of geographical, seasonal, tidal and physical environmental variables on community structure. Pump samples, in two net fractions (69 urn and 250 um) were collected on spring and neap tides, at high and low water over 9 complete or partial lunar cycles. The use of two concentric nets of differing mesh size extended the size range of specimens caught, and permitted the observation and enumeration of small plankters such as rotifers, copepod nauplii and early polychaete larvae. In early 1982, a clear temporal succession of rotifers> freshwater crustacea> Haranzelleria larvae> Eurytemora was observed. The data acquired on field distribution and abundance were analysed in a variety of ways. The most effective approach was found to be a combination of polythetic, divisive classfication (Twinspan) of sepcies data, followed by Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) of the classification using geographical, seasonal, tidal and environmental data as the discriminating variables. The effects of geographical, seasonal and tidal variation were removed by analysing subsets of the data restricted to one state of a variable at a time; comparison of these restricted analyses with those performed on larger data sets revealed, however, that the relative influence of variables on community structure could be readily discerned even when all variables were considered together. Salinity and geographical position of station were clearly the dominant factors in explaining the species associations defined by classification analysis; organic suspended particulate material was closely associated with these, and temperature also but to a lesser degree. The influences of season and primary production were linked, and were orthogonal to the influence of the dominant variables. Classification analysis identified three main assemblages: the freshwater community; a low-salinity group comprising Eurytemora affinis and Neomysis integer; A neritic assemblage dominated by Acartia spp., Pseudocalanus and Oithona but also including Temora, Centropages and meroplanktonic larvae. Pseudocalanus and Oithona were more persistent than the other neritic taxa, and were more often found in samples of lower salinity and in the autumn and winter. Predation and development rate are two biological factors which directly influence the abundance and distribution of individual taxa. In the laboratory, studies were conducted a) on the rate of predation of Neomysis on Eurytemora and b) the effects of temperature and food availability on the development rate of Eurytemora. Predation rates of adult mysids on adult Eurytemora were estimated to range up to 170 prey/day at 500 prey/litre, and the functional response was adequately modelled by a Type II curve. It was experimentally , demonstrated that predation rates were not reduced in the dark or in the presence of detritus, and it is inferred from this that Neomysis relies on random foraging rather than on visual predation. Estimated predation rates were sufficiently high to suggest that Neomysis predation may, at some times of the year, have a significant effect on Eurytemora population size. Development rates in Eurytemora were not affected by food level, but were quantitatively related to temperature. Development was approximately isochronal, but the duration of the second naupliar instar was consistently longer than that of other instars, especially at lower temperatures. Total estimated development times ranged from 39 days at 8 deg.C to 15.25 days at 20 deg.C, with the effect of temperature being more marked at low temperatures than at high temperatures. The results of the development study were applied to field observations of instar body lengths, in order to estimate daily length increment for 9 dates in 1982. Field observations had indicated that, in contrast to many other studies, body size did not bear a simple inverse relationship to water temperature; whilst the smallest animals were observed during the spring bloom .and midsummer, the largest specimens were collected in September when water temperatures were still high. Highest growth rates were estimated for August (small animals) and September (large animals) ; winter animals, although similar in size to September specimens, had low estimated growth rates. The large size of specimens encountered in September suggests, when considered in conjunction with the low abundance at that time, that a switch may have occurred from investment in reproduction to an investment in somatic growth.

No description available.

Theoretical and empirical work has shown that community diversity and composition can be influenced by both local conditions and dispersal from a regional species pool. This may be especially true shortly after environmental disturbances, because perturbations can provide spatial or temporal niche opportunities for dispersers to establish. Theory predicts that after environmental disturbances tolerant functionally-redundant dispersing species can establish in disturbed communities, maintaining local community diversity and ecosystem function; however, this model relies on the successful establishment of dispersers (i.e., the community must be invasible). Invasibility is expected to decline as time-since-disturbance increases because the local community can use freed resources and increases in abundance. Although studies have acknowledged that timing may influence invasibility, very few studies have focused on how dispersal timing influences the role of dispersal in community response to disturbance. My thesis was conducted to test the role of crustacean zooplankton dispersal timing in the establishment success, and subsequent influence on diversity and ecosystem function of dispersers. To assess this, a field mesocosm study was completed in Churchill, Canada to test the effects of disturbance (nutrients and salinity) and immigration timing (from 51 regional ponds/pools) on invasibility, local community structure and ecosystem functioning (i.e., chl-a). Results show that invasibility was initially high following disturbance, but decreased with time- since-disturbance as the resident community exerted priority effects over dispersers. As a result community diversity was most influenced by immigration when dispersers were added shortly after disturbance. Many coarse measures of diversity were resistant to disturbance, but community composition and the relative abundance of functional groups shifted, and likely influence ecosystem function (i.e., chl-a). When dispersers were added to disturbed communities ecosystem function was recovered to undisturbed levels. Overall, my results suggest that dispersal timing can influence the role of dispersal in communities and the ability of species to capitalize on windows of invasion opportunity will influence their ability to establish in favorable local patches. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-17 12:18:16.015