Yes / Employing electromagnetic fields EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This paper presents a useful insight into the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological media that is defined by the heat generation due to induced currents and dielectric loss. The specific absorption
rate (SAR) defines the heating amount in a biological medium that is irradiated by an electromagnetic field value. The paper reviews the radio frequency hazards due to the SAR based on various safety standards and organisations, including a detailed investigation of previously published work in terms of modelling and measurements. It also summarises the most common techniques utilised
between 1978 and 2021, in terms of the operational frequency spectrum, bandwidth, and SAR values. / The European Union’s Horizon 2020 innovation programme under grant agreement H2020- MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424 and the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1 supported this research. This study is also sponsored by the FCT/MEC through national funds and, where applicable, co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement under the UID/EEA/50008/2020 project. This study is part of the POSITIONII project, which is funded by the European Commission’s Joint Undertaking under the grant number Ecsel-7831132-Postitio-II-2017-IA. Moreover, this paper is also partially funded by British Council “2019 UK-China-BRI Countries Partnership Initiative” programme, with project titled “Adapting to Industry 4.0 oriented International Education and Research Collaboration”. In addition, this project has received funding from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant 801538.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:BRADFORD/oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/18751 |
| Date | 15 February 2022 |
| Creators | Abdul-Al, Mohamed, Amar, A.S.I., Elfergani, Issa T., Littlehales, R., Ojaroudi Parchin, Naser, Al-Yasir, Yasir I.A., See, C.H., Zhou, D., Abidin, Z.Z., Alibakhshikenari, M., Zebiri, C., Elmegri, Fauzi, Abusitta, M.M., Ullah, Atta, Abdulssalam, Fathi M.A., Rodriguez, Jonathan, McEwan, Neil J., Noras, James M., Hodgetts, Russell, Abd-Alhameed, Raed |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Source Sets | Bradford Scholars |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Article, Published version |
| Rights | © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). |
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