Driven by the need to inform evidence-based intervention strategies for performance and health promotion in esports, this thesis aimed to provide a starting point for future research on esports and, in particular, psychophysiological stress in esports. To this end, this work began by addressing why and how sport and exercise psychology could research esports. Following this, a systematic review of the literature on stress in non-competitive and competitive esports was performed. The results indicated that playing esports in competitive settings–in contrast to non-competitive settings–seems to be related to psychophysiological stress responses, and also highlighted a number of theoretical and methodological limitations with research in this area. To build on this initial understanding of stress in esports, a qualitative study was conducted that explored the subjective experiences of professional players. Here, a variety of stressors, perceived stress responses, and coping strategies were identified. To complete the work, a different perspective and approach was taken, using an online questionnaire to investigate perceived performance factors and stress management strategies utilized by sport psychologists and performance coaches in esports. Overall, this work provided a number of implications for future research and applied practice that are addressed in this thesis.:Table of Content
Abstract I
Zusammenfassung II
General Comments III
List of Own Articles IV
Table of Tables V
Table of Figures VI
Table of Content VII
1 Introduction 1
2 Esports 3
2.1 Demands 6
2.1.1 Environmental Related Profile 6
2.1.2 Sport Psychology Profile 10
3 Psychophysiological Stress 15
3.1 Interaction, Transaction, and Relational Meaning 15
3.2 Stressors and Appraisal 16
3.3 Coping 17
3.4 Stress Response 18
3.5 Theoretical Models 19
4 Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 22
5 Research Program 24
6 Article I: The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 26
6.1 Abstract 27
6.2 Introduction 28
6.3 Why Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 30
6.3.1 Effects of Playing Esports 30
6.3.2 Benefiting Theory and Human Expertise 31
6.3.3 Interdisciplinary Research 32
6.3.4 Informing Evidence-Based Interventions 32
6.3.5 Teaching 33
6.3.6 Not Chasing Research Funding 34
6.4 How Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 34
6.6 Conclusion 38
6.7 References 40
7 Article II: State of Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 48
7.1 Abstract 49
7.2 Introduction 50
7.2.1 Stress 51
7.2.2 Theoretical Models of Human Competition 51
7.2.3 Model of Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses To a Competitive Situation 52
7.2.4 Empirical Evidence 53
7.2.5 Purpose of the Study 54
7.3 Methods 56
7.3.1 Protocol and Eligibility Criteria 56
7.3.2 Information Sources and Search Strategy 57
7.3.3 Data Analysis 58
7.4 Results 58
7.4.1 Study Selection 58
7.4.2 Study Characteristics 59
7.4.3 Psychological Stress in Esports 63
7.4.4 Physiological Stress in Esports 64
7.4.5 Risk of Bias Within Studies 68
7.5 Discussion 76
7.5.1 Summary of Evidence 76
7.5.2 Is Playing Esports Games in Non-Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 77
7.5.3 Is Playing Esports in Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 78
7.5.4 Limitations 81
7.6 Conclusion 84
7.7 References 87
8 Article III: The Subjective Experience of Stress and Coping in Esports 100
8.1 Abstract 101
8.2 Introduction 102
8.2.1 Transactional Theory of Stress 102
8.2.2 Empirical Evidence 103
8.3 Method 106
8.3.1 Situating the Researchers 106
8.3.2 Participants 107
8.3.3 Procedures 107
8.3.4 Interview Guide 108
8.3.5 Data Analysis 109
8.4 Results 110
8.4.1 Stressors 110
8.4.2 Perceived Stress Responses 114
8.4.3 Coping Strategies 116
8.5 Discussion 119
8.5.1 Stressors 120
8.5.2 Perceived Stress Responses 120
8.5.3 Coping Strategies 122
8.5.4 Limitations 123
8.5.5 Future Research 124
8.5.6 Practical Implications 125
8.5.7 Conclusion 126
8.6 References 128
9 Article IV: Insights on the Applied Sport Psychology in Esports 138
9.1 Abstract 139
9.2 Introduction 140
9.2.1 Sport Psychological Counselling 141
9.2.2 The Present Study 143
9.3 Method 143
9.3.1 Participants 144
9.3.2 Data Collection 145
9.3.3 Instrument 146
9.3.4 Data Analysis 147
9.4 Results 147
9.4.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 147
9.4.2 Stress Management Strategies 148
9.5 Discussion 149
9.5.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 149
9.5.2 Stress Management Strategies 150
9.5.3 Limitations 152
9.5.4 Future Research 153
9.5.5 Practical Implications 154
9.5.6 Conclusion 155
9.6 References 158
10 General Discussion 167
10.1 The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 167
10.2 Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 169
10.2.1 Stressors 169
10.2.2 Coping Strategies 170
10.2.3 Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses 171
10.3 Limitations 173
10.4 Future Research 173
11 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgements 180
References 181
Curriculum Vitae XII
Appendices XII
Appendix A: Information and Consent Form XII
Appendix B: Interview Guide XIV
Appendix C: Online Questionnaire XVI
Appendix D: Project on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports XVIII / Ausgehend von der Notwendigkeit evidenzbasierter Interventionsstrategien zur Leistungs- und Gesundheitsförderung im E-Sport, zielt diese Arbeit darauf ab, einen Ausgangspunkt für zukünftige Forschung im E-Sport und insbesondere zu psychophysiologischen Stress im E-Sport zu schaffen. In einem ersten Schritt wird deshalb untersucht, warum und wie die Sport- und Bewegungspsychologie den E-Sport erforschen kann. Des Weiteren wird mit Hilfe eines systematischen Literaturreviews die bisherige Forschung zu Stress im kompetitiven und nicht-kompetitiven E-Sport dargestellt. Während die Ergebnisse, entgegen des nicht-kompetitiven Spielens, auf eine Verbindung zwischen dem kompetitiven Spielen und psychophysiologischen Stressreaktionen hinweisen, werden theoretische und methodische Limitationen bisheriger Forschung diskutiert. Basierend auf diesem ersten Verständnis von Stress im E-Sport, wird durch semi-strukturierte Interviews das subjektive Erleben von professionellen Spielern untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich eine Vielzahl von Stressoren, wahrgenommenen Stressreaktionen und Bewältigungsstrategien. Schließlich wird mit Hilfe eines Online-Fragebogens eine weitere Perspektive berücksichtigt, um die wahrgenommenen Leistungsfaktoren und die von Sportpsychologen, Sportpsychologinnen und Performance Coaches angewandten Stressregulationstechniken zu identifizieren. Insgesamt werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine Reihe von Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung und die angewandte Praxis aufgezeigt.:Table of Content
Abstract I
Zusammenfassung II
General Comments III
List of Own Articles IV
Table of Tables V
Table of Figures VI
Table of Content VII
1 Introduction 1
2 Esports 3
2.1 Demands 6
2.1.1 Environmental Related Profile 6
2.1.2 Sport Psychology Profile 10
3 Psychophysiological Stress 15
3.1 Interaction, Transaction, and Relational Meaning 15
3.2 Stressors and Appraisal 16
3.3 Coping 17
3.4 Stress Response 18
3.5 Theoretical Models 19
4 Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 22
5 Research Program 24
6 Article I: The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 26
6.1 Abstract 27
6.2 Introduction 28
6.3 Why Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 30
6.3.1 Effects of Playing Esports 30
6.3.2 Benefiting Theory and Human Expertise 31
6.3.3 Interdisciplinary Research 32
6.3.4 Informing Evidence-Based Interventions 32
6.3.5 Teaching 33
6.3.6 Not Chasing Research Funding 34
6.4 How Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 34
6.6 Conclusion 38
6.7 References 40
7 Article II: State of Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 48
7.1 Abstract 49
7.2 Introduction 50
7.2.1 Stress 51
7.2.2 Theoretical Models of Human Competition 51
7.2.3 Model of Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses To a Competitive Situation 52
7.2.4 Empirical Evidence 53
7.2.5 Purpose of the Study 54
7.3 Methods 56
7.3.1 Protocol and Eligibility Criteria 56
7.3.2 Information Sources and Search Strategy 57
7.3.3 Data Analysis 58
7.4 Results 58
7.4.1 Study Selection 58
7.4.2 Study Characteristics 59
7.4.3 Psychological Stress in Esports 63
7.4.4 Physiological Stress in Esports 64
7.4.5 Risk of Bias Within Studies 68
7.5 Discussion 76
7.5.1 Summary of Evidence 76
7.5.2 Is Playing Esports Games in Non-Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 77
7.5.3 Is Playing Esports in Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 78
7.5.4 Limitations 81
7.6 Conclusion 84
7.7 References 87
8 Article III: The Subjective Experience of Stress and Coping in Esports 100
8.1 Abstract 101
8.2 Introduction 102
8.2.1 Transactional Theory of Stress 102
8.2.2 Empirical Evidence 103
8.3 Method 106
8.3.1 Situating the Researchers 106
8.3.2 Participants 107
8.3.3 Procedures 107
8.3.4 Interview Guide 108
8.3.5 Data Analysis 109
8.4 Results 110
8.4.1 Stressors 110
8.4.2 Perceived Stress Responses 114
8.4.3 Coping Strategies 116
8.5 Discussion 119
8.5.1 Stressors 120
8.5.2 Perceived Stress Responses 120
8.5.3 Coping Strategies 122
8.5.4 Limitations 123
8.5.5 Future Research 124
8.5.6 Practical Implications 125
8.5.7 Conclusion 126
8.6 References 128
9 Article IV: Insights on the Applied Sport Psychology in Esports 138
9.1 Abstract 139
9.2 Introduction 140
9.2.1 Sport Psychological Counselling 141
9.2.2 The Present Study 143
9.3 Method 143
9.3.1 Participants 144
9.3.2 Data Collection 145
9.3.3 Instrument 146
9.3.4 Data Analysis 147
9.4 Results 147
9.4.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 147
9.4.2 Stress Management Strategies 148
9.5 Discussion 149
9.5.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 149
9.5.2 Stress Management Strategies 150
9.5.3 Limitations 152
9.5.4 Future Research 153
9.5.5 Practical Implications 154
9.5.6 Conclusion 155
9.6 References 158
10 General Discussion 167
10.1 The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 167
10.2 Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 169
10.2.1 Stressors 169
10.2.2 Coping Strategies 170
10.2.3 Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses 171
10.3 Limitations 173
10.4 Future Research 173
11 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgements 180
References 181
Curriculum Vitae XII
Appendices XII
Appendix A: Information and Consent Form XII
Appendix B: Interview Guide XIV
Appendix C: Online Questionnaire XVI
Appendix D: Project on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports XVIII
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:DRESDEN/oai:qucosa:de:qucosa:80091 |
| Date | 25 July 2022 |
| Creators | Leis, Oliver |
| Contributors | Universität Leipzig |
| Source Sets | Hochschulschriftenserver (HSSS) der SLUB Dresden |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion, doc-type:doctoralThesis, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis, doc-type:Text |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00715-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101738 |
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