The past years have seen a renewed interest in the study of Ottoman and African relations. Several works have been published in Turkish and partly in English; they cover the periods from the 16th century to World War I and geographically referred to the Ottoman provinces in North and North East Africa mostly Egypt, Tripoli, Tunisia, and Ethiopia (Habesh Province) by using the Ottoman archival sources. However, no comprehensive study has been undertaken on the relations between the Ottoman Empire and the rest of the continent except for a few works. This Ph.D. study had begun as an investigation into the Zanzibar Sultanate which was frequently referred to as Zengibar, the local Muslim sultanate in East Africa in the Ottoman archival sources of the late nineteenth century. After examining more than a hundred documents that were first transcribed from the original version of Ottoman Turkish and then translated into English with annotations, this study revealed the existence of the entangled world of East Africa where Europeans, Ottomans, and local African powers had been constantly in contact with each other at the global age of colonialism. In this sense, this work, first questioned how the Ottoman State, as the Caliph of the Muslim world, produced knowledge about Africa and perceived what was taking place in the region in the related period. Secondly, it deals with the Ottoman’s relationship with the European States in the context of the scramble for Africa. Thirdly, it questioned the nature of the mutual relations between the Zanzibar Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire which was fostered by imperial competition between European powers in the period of high colonialism.:CONTENTS...................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................ vii
LIST OF DOCUMENTS ...................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………..xi
INTRODUCTION………………………1
The Congo Conference and East Africa .......................................................... 1
East Africa in Ottoman Sources: An Imperial but Non-Colonial Perspective ...... 4
Aims, Sources, and Methodology ............................10
Structure of the Thesis .................................................................. 13
PART I: THE OTTOMAN PERCEPTION OF EARLY COLONIAL INITIATIVES IN EAST AFRICA (1885-1890) ............................................ 17
1.1 AFRIKA-YI OSMANI: OTTOMAN MAPPING OF AFRICA ................... 20
1.1.1 The Berlin Conference and its Reflection in Ottoman Mapping of Africa ... 24
1.1.2 The Sources ................................. 25
1.1.3 Annotated and Translated Documents with original maps ................... 27
1.2 THE OTTOMAN VIEW OF THE SCHUTZBRIEF IN 1885 ..................... 67
1.2.1 The Ottoman Perception of the Schutzbrief ..................................... 69
1.2.2 The Sources ................................................ 73
1.2.3 Annotated and Translated Documents ............................... 76
1.2.4 Original Documents .................................................... 90
1.3 “BRITISH PLOT” OR “FALLING PREY TO THE DESIRE OF HAVING A COLONY IN EAST AFRICA”? THE OTTOMAN PERCEPTION OF THE BLOCKADE OF THE COASTS OF THE ZANZIBAR SULTANATE, 1888-89 ......................... 101
1.3.1 The Sources ....................................... 104
1.3.2 Annotated and Translated Documents .................. 107
1.3.3 Original Documents ................................... 139
PART II: ALLIANCE OR COMPETITION? IMPERIAL ENCOUNTERS IN EAST AFRICA ...........150
2.1 RELUCTANT MIDDLEMAN BETWEEN GERMANY AND ZANZIBAR (1886-94) ........152
2.1.1 The Wissmanntruppe ................................................... 153
2.1.2 The Sources ........................................................... 156
2.1.3 Annotated and Translated Documents ............................ 158
2.1.4 Original Documents ................................................ 165
2.2 WHICH GOD FOR CONGO? A CONVERTED MUSLIM’S VOICE IN THE ANTWERP PRESS AND HIS NETWORKS IN ISTANBUL AND CONGO ........ 171
2.2.1 Muhammad Muhtar ............................................................. 172
2.2.2 The “Civilising Mission” of Muslim Missionaries ................... 174
2.2.3 The Sources ................................................................ 176
2.2.4 Annotated and Translated Documents ........................... 179
2.2.5 Original Documents ................................ 200
2.3 THE PRESS AND THE OTTOMAN ROLE IN AFRICA (1885-1892) ..... 208
2.3.1 The Sources ............................................................. 210
2.3.2 Annotated and Translated Documents ..................... 214
2.3.3 Original Documents ............................................ 236
PART III: BEING CONNECTED IN HARD TIMES: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ZANZIBAR SULTANATE AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1879-1908) ........... 255
3.1 “GOD SAVE THE QUEEN” VS “GOD SAVE OUR BRAVE SAYYID”: SULTAN BARGHASH’S DESIRE FOR A ZANZIBAR NATIONAL ANTHEM IN 1879.................... 259
3.1.1 Introduction ............................................ 259
3.1.2 The Magazine an-Nahlah (The Bee) and Barghash’s Desire for a National Anthem…………………………… .. 263
3.1.3 The Sultan’s Band .......................................... 265
3.1.4 The Age of Images: Ceremonies, Symbols, and Rites ..................... 267
3.1.5 The Sources .............................................................. 269
3.1.6 Annotated and Translated Documents ........................... 271
3.1.7 Original Documents .................................. 275
3.2 IT TOOK LONGER TO ARRIVE THAN TO STAY: AN OTTOMAN ENVOY’S VISIT TO ZANZIBAR IN 1888 ............................................. 281
3.2.1 The Sources .............................................................. 285
3.2.2 Annotated and Translated Documents ............................. 288
3.2.3 Original Documents .................................. 309
3.3 FROM ITALY TO ZANZIBAR: THE TRANSLOCAL NETWORK OF AN ANARCHIST IN 1905 ............................ 329
3.3.1 The Sources ........................................ 335
3.3.2 Annotated and Translated Documents ......................... 337
3.3.3 Original Documents ...................................... 349
3.4 THE ZANZIBAR SULTAN’S VISITS TO ISTANBUL IN 1907-1908 ......... 370
3.4.1 The Sources .......................................................... 373
3.4.2 Annotated and Translated Documents ................................. 375
3.4.3 Original Documents............................................................... 389
CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................. 416
BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................428
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:DRESDEN/oai:qucosa:de:qucosa:82600 |
| Date | 08 December 2022 |
| Creators | Uğur, Hatice |
| Contributors | Universität Leipzig |
| Source Sets | Hochschulschriftenserver (HSSS) der SLUB Dresden |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion, doc-type:doctoralThesis, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis, doc-type:Text |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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