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Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) are the two most common neurodegenerative disorders affecting around 35 and 10 million people worldwide, respectively. These disorders are characterized by neuronal protein deposits and progressive loss of function or structure of central nervous system (CNS). Studies have shown that purinergic system is involved in mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD. The purinergic signaling is meditated by ATP and adenosine through activation of purinoceptors P2 and P1, respectively. The nucleotide and nucleoside levels are modulated by the action of the ectonucleotidase family, especially by ecto-Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) and ecto-5?-nucleotidase (EC-5?-Nt). These enzymes hydrolyze ATP to adenosine, which is subsequently deaminated by the enzyme Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) to inosine. Adenosine is described as an important neuromodulator and neuroprotective of CNS, and its modulation has proven to be a promising alternative for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this study aims to evaluate behavioral parameters in models of cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, and paraquat in zebrafish and study the possible effect of these models on the purinergic system. Our results, using a model of pharmacological cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine in adult zebrafish, showed that selective and non-selective inhibitors of adenosine receptors (Caffeine, ZM241385, and DPCPX) prevented the cognitive deficit induced by scopolamine. The same results were found for the adenosine transporter inhibitor (dipyridamole), and ADA inhibitor (EHNA). These data support the hypothesis of adenosinergic signalling can modulate memory mechanisms. We also developed a new experimental model of neurodegeneration by treating adult zebrafish chronically with paraquat herbicide (Pq) that results in symptoms of PD. Treatment consisted of six ip. injections of Pq in doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg and each injection was administered every three days. Locomotor behavior was assessed 24 hours after each injection and showed a decrease in both doses. The turn angle was also evaluated and showed difference between the doses administered compared to control group. Non-motor behaviors such as anxiety and social interaction were not significantly different after chronic treatment with Pq. However, after Pq exposure, the animals showed a deficit in Y-maze task memory. Apart from the behavioral data, our results presented an increase on dopamine levels, whereas DOPAC decreased in the experimental group showing change in dopamine metabolism. The amount of tyrosine hydroxylase demonstrated no significant difference between control and treated fish; however, dopamine transporter expression decreased in the group treated with 10 mg/kg Pq, and there was no change at the highest dose. Our study also evaluated the effect of chronic exposure of Pq and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxins, commonly used as an animal model of PD, on extracellular nucleotide and nucleoside metabolism. Two doses of 6-OHDA were tested, 25 and 50 mg/kg, and the animals were sacrificed at six days after exposure. Our data showed no changes in ectonucleotidase activities or ATP, ADP and AMP levels after exposure to Pq. However, a decrease of extracellular adenosine and increase in inosine levels were observed when compared to the control group. The 6-OHDA treatment did not affect the activity of NTPDase, EC-5?-Nt, and ATP levels in both tested doses. In contrast to the previous results, ADP levels were different for each dose used, while the AMP levels decreased in both doses. The adenosine and inosine showed an increase in both doses of 6-OHDA tested in zebrafish brains. These data suggest that the purinergic system can be modulated differently in experimental animals with symptoms of Parkinson's disease. In addition, this study also presented a new model of neurodegeneration using the Pq and confirms the involvement of purinergic system on neurodegeneration as well as its pharmacological potential in neurodegenerative diseases. / As doen?as neurodegenerativas mais prevalentes s?o a doen?a de Alzheimer (DA) e a doen?a de Parkinson (DP) afetando cerca de 35 e 10 milh?es de pessoas no mundo, respectivamente. Essas patologias s?o caracterizadas pelo dep?sito de prote?nas em c?lulas neuronais e pela perda progressiva da fun??o ou estrutura no sistema nervoso central (SNC). Estudos t?m mostrado que o sistema purin?rgico est? envolvido nos mecanismos relacionados a DA e DP. A sinaliza??o purin?rgica ? mediada pela a??o do ATP e da adenosina atrav?s da ativa??o dos receptores P2 e P1, respectivamente. Os n?veis de nucleot?deos e de nucleos?deos s?o modulados pela a??o enzim?tica das ectonucleotidases, especialmente pela ecto-nucleos?deo trifosfato difosfoidrolases (NTPDases) e ecto-5'-nucleotidase (EC-5?-Nt). Estas enzimas hidrolisam ATP em adenosina, que ? subsequentemente desaminado pela enzima adenosina deaminase (ADA) a inosina. A adenosina ? descrita como importante neuromodulador e neuroprotetor do SNC e sua modula??o tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de doen?as neurodegenerativas. Com isso, este estudo visa avaliar par?metros comportamentais em modelos de d?ficit cognitivo induzidos por escopolamina, por 6-hidroxidopamina e por paraquat em peixe-zebra, e estudar o poss?vel efeito desses modelos sobre o sistema purin?rgico. Nossos resultados, utilizando o modelo farmacol?gico de d?ficit cognitivo induzido por escopolamina em peixe-zebra adulto, mostraram que os inibidores seletivos e n?o seletivos dos receptores de adenosina (Cafe?na, ZM241385 e DPCPX) preveniram o d?ficit causado pela escopolamina. Os mesmos resultados foram encontrados para o inibidor do transportador de adenosina (dipiridamol) e inibidor da ADA (EHNA). Esses dados suportam a hip?tese de que a sinaliza??o adenosin?rgica pode modular o processamento da mem?ria. Nosso estudo tamb?m caracterizou um novo modelo experimental de neurodegenera??o, tratando peixes-zebra adultos cronicamente com paraquat (Pq), herbicida associado aos sintomas da DP. O tratamento consistiu de seis inje??es intraperitoniais nas doses de 10 ou 20 mg/kg a cada tr?s dias. O comportamento locomotor foi avaliado 24 horas ap?s cada inje??o e mostrou uma diminui??o em ambas as doses. O ?ngulo de giro tamb?m foi avaliado 24 horas ap?s cada inje??o e demonstrou diferen?a entre as doses administradas. Comportamentos n?o motores como ansiedade e intera??o social n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa ap?s o tratamento cr?nico com Pq. No entanto, os animais tratados com Pq demonstraram d?ficit de mem?ria em tarefa de labirinto em Y comparados com o grupo controle. Al?m dos dados comportamentais, nossos resultados mostraram um aumento nos n?veis de dopamina, enquanto os de DOPAC diminu?ram nos animais tratados com Pq, mostrando mudan?a no metabolismo. J? a tirosina hidroxilase n?o apresentou diferen?a significativa entre animais do grupo controle e tratados, por?m a express?o do transportador de dopamina diminuiu no grupo tratado com 10 mg/Kg de Pq, n?o havendo altera??o na maior dose. Nosso estudo tamb?m investigou os efeitos da exposi??o cr?nica do Pq e da neurotoxina 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA), comumente usada como modelo animal de DP, sobre o metabolismo extracelular de nucleos?deos e nucleot?deos. Duas doses de 6-OHDA foram testadas, 25 e 50 mg/kg, e os animais foram eutanasiados seis dias ap?s a exposi??o. Nossos dados mostraram que o Pq n?o alterou a atividade das NTPDases e EC-5?-Nt ou os n?veis extracelulares de ATP, ADP e AMP. No entanto, o tratamento cr?nico com Pq diminui os n?veis extracelulares de adenosina e aumentou os n?veis de inosina. Os peixes tratados com 6-OHDA n?o apresentaram altera??es na atividade das NTPDases e EC-5?-Nt, bem como nos n?veis de ATP extracelular nas duas doses testadas. Por?m, houve mudan?as nos n?veis de ADP e uma diminui??o, em ambas as doses, nos n?veis de AMP. J? os n?veis extracelulares de adenosina e inosina apresentaram um aumento. Estes dados sugerem que o sistema purin?rgico pode ser modulado de forma diferente em animais experimentais com sintomas de Parkinson. Al?m disso, este trabalho tamb?m apresentou um novo modelo de neurodegenera??o utilizando o Pq al?m de refor?ar o envolvimento do sistema purin?rgico e o seu potencial farmacol?gico sobre doen?as neurodegenerativas.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:tede2.pucrs.br:tede/5514 |
| Date | 06 March 2015 |
| Creators | Bortolotto, Josiane Woutheres |
| Contributors | Bonan, Carla Denise |
| Publisher | Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, BR, Faculdade de Bioci?ncias |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_RS, instname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, instacron:PUC_RS |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | 8198246930096637360, 600, 600, 36528317262667714 |
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