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Previous issue date: 2018-03-08 / A aten??o ? um construto multifacetado, que esteve historicamente por diversas
vezes no centro de discuss?es filos?ficas e psicol?gicas. O car?ter influente da aten??o
sobre diversos outros processos psicol?gicos (e.g., consci?ncia, mem?ria, tomada de
decis?o) salienta sua import?ncia, e logicamente resulta em uma dificuldade na
segrega??o de suas fronteiras te?ricas e na defini??o clara desse fen?meno. Em um
campo de pesquisa emp?rica atual sobre aten??o, vieses da orienta??o atencional para
est?mulos amea?adores s?o investigados. Por?m, falta aos modelos embasados em
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achados emp?ricos nesse campo a sustenta??o em modelos te?ricos bem estabelecidos
de aten??o, e existe confus?o nos estudos experimentais publicados. Al?m disso, tarefas
experimentais para avaliar vieses da aten??o para a amea?a necessitam de integra??o
com novas tecnologias e estrat?gias de an?lise, as quais podem gerar mais sensibilidade,
validade e confiabilidade, como o rastreamento ocular e o novo ?ndice de variabilidade
do vi?s atencional (ABV).
Esta disserta??o est? inclu?da na sub?rea de n?mero 7.07.02.03-9 do Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Psicologia
Experimental (Processos Cognitivos e Atencionais) ? a qual integra a grande ?rea de
Psicologia. Dois estudos s?o apresentados para suprir a necessidade de avan?o no
estudo sobre aten??o, controle atencional (AC) e vi?s atencional em rela??o ? amea?a
(ABT). Em primeiro lugar, um estudo te?rico fornece uma vis?o hist?rica da pesquisa
psicol?gica da aten??o, desde os fundadores da Psicologia moderna at? a pesquisa
neuropsicol?gica integrativa atual e os modelos orientados empiricamente. Esta revis?o
busca esclarecer conceitos da aten??o e diferenciar esses conceitos dos de outros
dom?nios psicol?gicos. Em vez de segregar ?reas de pesquisa, ? prov?vel que essa
estrat?gia promova um di?logo entre campos que pesquisam o mesmo fen?meno - mas
o medem de forma diferente e atribuem-lhe nomes diferentes.
Na sequ?ncia dessa revis?o te?rica, ? apresentado um estudo emp?rico, que
prop?e duas adapta??es de tarefas experimentais cl?ssicas para medir o ABT: a Tarefa
Dot-Probe (DPT) e a Tarefa Stroop Emocional (EST). Na EST, o desenho da tarefa foi
alterado para levar em conta considera??es te?ricas importantes e para melhor adaptar a
tarefa ? medida de ABV. Na DPT, uma integra??o surpreendentemente rara de tempos
de rea??o e medidas de rastreamento ocular ? estabelecida, e novos ?ndices para calcular
o ABT e o ABV s?o propostos. A confiabilidade e validade dos ?ndices em ambas as
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tarefas foi investigada com estudantes universit?rios e atrav?s da diferencia??o dos
mesmos ?ndices entre grupos de sintomas altos vs. baixos de ansiedade e estresse p?straum?tico.
A import?ncia de progressivamente melhorar as qualidades psicom?tricas
dessas tarefas experimentais ? discutida em profundidade levando em conta os achados
do estudo, incluindo recomenda??es para futuras adapta??es dessas tarefas / Attention is a multifaceted construct, one that has been at the center of
discussions across several moments in the history of philosophy and psychology. The
characteristic of attention to influence and regulate many other psychological process
(e.g., consciousness, memory, decision-making) stresses its importance, and logically
results in a hardship in segregating its theoretical boundaries and clearly defining this
phenomenon. In a current empirical field of research on attention, biases of attentional
orientation to threatening stimuli are investigated. However, models generated from
empirical findings lack sustentation on well-established theoretical models of attention,
and confusion exists across published experimental studies. Furthermore, experimental
tasks to assess biases towards threat require integration with new operationalization and
analysis strategies, which can provide better sensitivity, validity and measurement
reliability, such as eye tracking and the novel index of attentional bias variability
(ABV).
This dissertation is included in the subarea number 7.07.02.03-9 of the Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Experimental
Psychology (Attentional and Cognitive Processes) ? which integrates the broader area
of Psychology. Two studies are presented to answer to the need of advancing research
about attention, attentional control (AC) and attentional bias relative to threat (ABT).
Firstly, a theoretical study provides a historical overview of psychological research on
attention, from the founders of modern Psychology to current neuropsychological
integrative research and empirically-oriented models. This review is expected to clarify
constructs of attention and to differentiate these constructs from those of other
Psychological domains. Instead of segregating research fields, this is likely to promote a
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dialogue between fields that research the same phenomena ? but measure them
differently and attribute to them different names.
Following this theoretical review, an empirical study is presented, which
proposes two adaptations of classical experimental tasks to measure ABT: the DotProbe
Task (DPT) and the Emotional Stroop Task (EST). On the EST, task design is
altered to account for important theoretical considerations and to better adapt the task to
the measurement of ABV. On the DPT, a surprisingly rare integration of reaction times
and eye tracking measures is established, and novel indices to calculate ABT and ABV
are proposed. The reliability and validity of indices in both tasks is investigated with
university students and through the differentiation of such indices between groups of
high vs. low symptoms of anxiety and posttraumatic stress. The importance of pursuing
the improvement of psychometric qualities of experimental tasks is discussed in depth
upon the findings of the study, including recommendations to future experimental
designs.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:tede2.pucrs.br:tede/8089 |
| Date | 08 March 2018 |
| Creators | Silva, Gustavo Ramos |
| Contributors | Kristensen, Christian Haag |
| Publisher | Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Psicologia, PUCRS, Brasil, Escola de Ci?ncias da Sa?de |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_RS, instname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, instacron:PUC_RS |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | 2588426296948062698, 500, 500, 3411867255817377423 |
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