Abstract
Organic derivatives of tin, lead, mercury are the most widely distributed
organometallic ecotoxicants in the environment. While some of these
organometallic compounds exist in the environment as a result of direct discharge,
anthropogenic emissions alone cannot explain the ubiquity, for example, of the
organomercury and organolead compounds in marine and fresh waters, sediments
and biota. It is known that some organometallic compounds are formed via a
bioconversion from the inorganic contaminants.
Depending on the source, they can enter the environment in varied forms inorganic
species of different stability. These can be bio-converted further by environmental
biota; for instance metals such as tin and lead can be discharged into the
environment in the form of organometallic species which can undergo further
transformation.
Determination of organometallics in environmental and biological samples is
difficult due to matrix effect and their low concentrations. Separation and
preconcentration is necessary to enhance final determination. Speciation studies
are even more complicated. Speciation is an important aspect and gives
information about bioavailability of the metal thus their toxicity.
This work focused on the development of a method for speciation of organospecies
of tin, lead and mercury. A new derivatisation agent has been synthesised
and used successfully. SLM probe extraction has been exposed to a new matrix.
Different environmental samples have been analysed for organo-species of tin and
lead and their pathways predicted.
The SLM probe extraction gives the advantage of carrying out several extractions,
reduction of the amount of solvent used and avoidance of emulsion problems. A
simple system has been developed and applied successfully on organotin and
organolead extraction from aqueous environmental sample. For reproducibility of
the results, pH, salinity, stirring rate and extraction time were optimized.
An analytical method for simultaneous in situ ethylation, using new derivatisation
agent bromomagnesium tetraethylborate (Et4BMgBr), of organotin and
organomercury compounds in sediment samples was developed. The
determination of mercury and tin compounds is achieved by species-specific
isotope dilution, derivatisation and gas chromatography – inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). In derivatisation, pH and the amount of
derivatisation agent were studied. Percentage recovery and accuracy of the method
was confirmed by comparison of experimental results with sediment and plant
certified reference material (IAEA 405 for sediment and CRM 279 for plant).
Although organolead compounds as a gasoline additive are banned in most
countries, in some regions, lead is still added to gasoline in varying proportions of
different tetraalkyllead compounds and contamination by organolead compounds
is still present at different places, e.g.: lead alkyl manufactures
The use of both tetraalkyllead and butyltin is banned (tetraalkyllead as gasoline
additive and butyltin in antifouling pints and PVC materials). This work focussed
on their conversion in water and soil. This should provide an insight into their
presence in the environment and an understanding of their degradation in the
environment.
A method for full speciation and determination of alkyl lead and inorganic lead
(II) after the tetramethyllead degradation in aqueous samples has been developed.
This was accomplished by in situ derivatisation with sodium tetraphenyllead
borate NaB(Ph)4 derivative. The derivatisation was carried out directly in the
aqueous sample and the derivatives were extracted using the supported liquid
membrane probe extraction (SLMPE). The extracted analytes were then
transferred to a GC/MS for separation and detection. This study focused on the
transformation of tetramethyllead in aqueous media, at different concentration of
major elements, K+,Na+,Ca++, Mg++,Cl-,SO4
--. Adsorption / desorption on soil of
ionic organolead and organotin were also studied.
As South Africa is one of the world’s major producers of coal, mercury should be
monitored as it is a side product in coal combustion. The trend of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in sediment found in this work indicated a possible
methylation of inorganic mercury to methylmercury in Klipriver sediments.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:wits/oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/4538 |
| Date | 06 March 2008 |
| Creators | Nsengimana, Hermogene |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 5103856 bytes, application/pdf, application/pdf |
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