Due to high specific strength and stiffness as well as outstanding energy-absorption characteristics, sandwich structures are extensively used in aircraft, aerospace, automobile, and marine industries. With the objective of finding lightweight blast-resistant sandwich structures for protecting infrastructure, we have found, for a fixed areal mass density, one- or two-core doubly-curved sandwich shell's (plate's) geometries and materials and fiber angles of unidirectional fiber-reinforced face sheets for it to have the maximum first failure load under quasistatic (blast) loads. The analyses employ a third-order shear and normal deformable plate/shell theory (TSNDT), the finite element method (FEM), a stress recovery scheme (SRS), the Tsai-Wu failure criterion and the Nest-Site selection (NeSS) optimization algorithm, and assume the materials to be linearly elastic. For a sandwich shell under the spatially varying static pressure on the top surface, the optimal non-symmetric one-core (two-core) design improves the first failure load by approximately 33% (27%) and 50% (36%) from the corresponding optimal symmetric design with clamped and simply-supported edges, respectively. For a sandwich plate under blast loads, it is found that the optimal one-core design is symmetric about the mid-surface with thick face sheets, and the optimal two-core design has a thin middle face sheet and thick top and bottom face sheets. Furthermore, the transverse shear stresses (in-plane transverse axial stresses) primarily cause the first failure in a core (face sheet). For the computed optimal design under a blast load, we also determined the collapse load by using the progressive failure analysis that degrades all elasticities of the failed material point to very small values. The collapse load of the clamped (simply-supported) sandwich structure is approximately 15%–30% (0%–17%) higher than its first failure load.
Incompressible materials such as rubbers, polymers, and soft tissues that can only undergo volume preserving deformations have numerous applications in engineering and biomedical fields. Their vibration characteristics are important for using them as wave reflectors at interfaces with a fiber-reinforced sheet. In this work we have numerically analyzed free vibrations of plates made of a linearly elastic incompressible rubber-like material (Poison's ratio = 0.5) by using a TSNDT for incompressible materials and the mixed FEM. The displacements at nodes of a 9-noded quadrilateral element and the hydrostatic pressure at four interior nodes are taken as unknowns. Computed results are found to match well with the corresponding either analytical or numerical ones obtained with the commercial FE software Abaqus and the 3-dimensional linear elasticity theory. The analysis discerns plate's in-plane vibration modes. It is found that a simply supported plate admits more in-plane modes than the corresponding clamped and clamped-free plates. / Doctor of Philosophy / A simple example of a sandwich structure is a chocolate ice cream bar with the chocolate layer replaced by a stiff plate. Another example is the packaging material used to protect electronics during shipping and handling. The intent is to find the composition and the thickness of the "chocolate layer" so that the ice cream bar will not shatter when dropped on the floor. The objective is met by enforcing the chocolate layer with carbon fibers and then finding fiber materials, their alignment, ice cream or core material, and its thickness to resist anticipated loads with a prescribed level of certainty. Thus, a sandwich structure is usually composed of a soft thick core (e.g., foam) bonded to two relatively stiff thin skins (e.g., made of steel, fiber-reinforced composite) called face sheets. They are lightweight, stiff, and effective in absorbing mechanical energy. Consequently, they are often used in aircraft, aerospace, automobile, and marine industries. The load that causes a point in a structure to fail is called its first failure load, and the load that causes it to either crush or crumble is called the ultimate load. Here, for a fixed areal mass density (mass per unit surface area), we maximize the first failure load of a sandwich shell (plate) under static (dynamic) loads by determining its geometric dimensions, materials and fiber angles in the face sheets, and the number (one or two) of cores. It is found that, for a non-uniformly distributed static pressure applied on the central region of a sandwich shell's top surface, an optimal design that has different materials for the top and the bottom face sheets improves the first failure load by nearly 30%-50% from that of the optimally designed structure with identical face sheets. For the structure optimally designed for the first failure blast load, the ultimate failure load with all of its edges clamped (simply supported) is about 15%-30% (0%-17%) higher than its first failure load. This work should help engineers reduce weight of sandwich structures without sacrificing their integrity and save on materials and cost.
Rubberlike materials, polymers, and soft tissues are incompressible since their volume remains constant when they are deformed. Plates made of incompressible materials have a wide range of applications in everyday life, e.g., we hear because of vibrations of the ear drum. Thus, accurately predicting their dynamic behavior is important. A first step usually is determining natural frequencies, i.e., the number of cycles of oscillations per second (e.g., a human heart beats at about 1 cycle/sec) completed by the structure in the absence of any externally applied force. Here, we numerically find natural frequencies and mode shapes of rubber-like material rectangular plates with different supporting conditions at the edges. We employ a plate theory that reduces a 3-dimensional (3-D) problem to a 2-D one and the finite element method. The problem is challenging because the incompressibility constraint requires finding the hydrostatic pressure as a part of the problem solution. We show that the methodology developed here provides results that match well with the corresponding either analytical or numerical solutions of the 3-D linear elasticity equations. The methodology is applicable to analyzing the dynamic response of composite structures with layers of incompressible materials embedded in it.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VTETD/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/102664 |
| Date | 11 March 2021 |
| Creators | Yuan, Lisha |
| Contributors | Engineering Science and Mechanics, Batra, Romesh C., Ragab, Saad A., Case, Scott W., Burns, John A., Patil, Mayuresh J. |
| Publisher | Virginia Tech |
| Source Sets | Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation |
| Format | ETD, application/pdf, application/pdf |
| Rights | In Copyright, http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ |
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