High-quality factor oscillators are often used in measurements of verysmall force since they exhibit an enhanced sensitivity in the narrow frequencyband around resonance. Forces containing frequencies outside this frequencyband are often not detectable and the total force acting on the oscillatorremains unknown. In this thesis we present methods to eciently use theavailable bandwidth around resonance to reconstruct the force from partialspectral information.We apply the methods to dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) wherea tip at the end of a small micro-cantilever oscillates close to a sample surface.By reconstructing the force between the tip and the surface we can deducedierent properties of the surface. In contrast, in conventional AFM only oneof the many frequency components of the time-dependent tip-surface forceallowing for only qualitative conclusions about the tip-surface force.To increase the number of measurable frequency components we developed Intermodulation AFM (ImAFM). ImAFM utilizes frequency mixing ofa multifrequency drive scheme which generates many frequencies in the response to the nonlinear character of the tip-surface interaction. ImAFM,amplitude-modulated AFM and frequency-modulated AFM can be considered as special cases of narrow-band AFM, where the tip motion can bedescribed by a rapidly oscillating part and a slowly-varying envelope function. Using the concept of force quadratures, each rapid oscillation cycle canbe analyzed individually and ImAFM measurements can be interpreted as arapid measurement of the dependence of the force quadratures on the oscillation amplitude or frequency. To explore the limits of the force quadraturesdescription we introduce the force disk which is a complete description of thetip-surface force in narrow-band AFM at xed static probe height.We present a polynomial force reconstruction method for multifrequencyAFM data. The polynomial force reconstruction is a linear approximativeforce reconstruction method which is based on nding the parameters of amodel force which best approximates the tip-surface force. Another classof reconstruction methods are integral techniques which aim to invert theintegral relation between the tip-surface force and the measured spectraldata. We present an integral method, amplitude-dependence force spectroscopy (ADFS), which reconstructs the conservative tip-surface force fromthe amplitude-dependence of the force quadratures. Together with ImAFMwe use ADFS to combine high-resolution AFM imaging at high speeds withhighly accurate force measurements in each point of an image. For the measurement of dissipative forces we discuss how methods from tomography canbe used to reconstruct forces that are a function of both tip position andvelocity.The methods developed in this thesis are not limited to dynamic AFM andwe describe them in the general context of a harmonic oscillator subject to anexternal force. We hope that theses methods contribute to the transformationof AFM from a qualitative imaging modality into quantitative microscopy andwe hope that they nd application in other measurements which exploit theenhanced sensitivity of a high-quality factor oscillator. / <p>QC 20130527</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:UPSALLA1/oai:DiVA.org:kth-122583 |
| Date | January 2013 |
| Creators | Platz, Daniel |
| Publisher | KTH, Nanostrukturfysik, Stockholm |
| Source Sets | DiVA Archive at Upsalla University |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis, text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | Trita-FYS, 0280-316X ; 2013:21 |
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