In this research, the characterization of snow cover is made from data collected in September, February and March of 2002 and 2003, during Cold-land Processes Field Experiments project of the NASA. These data include snow and forests characteristic measurements, meteorological conditions, digital elevation model (DEM) and polarimetric multifrequency SAR data (C, L and P bands) acquired from AIRSAR-POLSAR airborne sensor. These data will be used to analyze multifrequency polarimetric techniques to characterize snow cover over forested areas (open area, sparse coniferous forest, and dense coniferous forest). Different techniques have been developed to detect wet snow over different forested areas. The methodology of wet snow detection developed by Rott and Nagler (1995) is first analyzed. The best result is obtained in HH polarization (13% for the sparse coniferous forest site and 25% for the dense coniferous forest site). C-band data in circular polarizations improves these results, but the errors remain high (22% for the sparse coniferous forest site and 13% for the dense coniferous forest site). The use of [sigma][omicronn] ratio in dB [sigma][omicronn][subscript LHH] /[sigma][omicronn][subscript CHH], [sigma][omicronn][subscript LHV]/[sigma][omicronn] [subscript CHH], [sigma][omicronn][subscript LHV] /[sigma][omicronn][subscript CHV] and [sigma][omicronn][subscript LVV] /[sigma][omicronn][subscript CHH] allows to detect wet snow ([less-than or equal to] 13% errors) for both the open area and the dense coniferous forest sites. However, with this technique, higher errors ([greater-than or equal to] 16%) are obtained for the sparse coniferous forest site. The analysis of polarimetric signatures in the three bands shows that their shapes vary according to snow conditions (wet or dry) and forest densities. The pedestal height of polarimetric signatures in P band allows to apply a thresholding approach to discriminate between snow conditions (wet or dry). The error matrix generated from polarimetric signature techniques applied to snow pit measurements shows error higher than 6%. For the characterization of snow condition, target decomposition theorems show promising results. For the three bands, the Freeman-Durden and Cloude-Pottier decompositions allow to understand scattering mechanisms of snow-covered-forested areas. Also, a thresholding approach applied to volume scattering power of the Freeman-Durden decomposition in C band as well as to entropy parameter together with angle [alpha] value of Cloude-Pottier decomposition shows abilities to detect wet snow over forested areas. The technique using the volume scattered power shows detection errors higher than 16%. No classification error is obtained in the error matrix generated from entropy values over the snow pits. The analysis of backscattering coefficients as a function of forest density (open area, sparse coniferous forest and dense coniferous forest) shows variations in the signal as a function of frequency, polarization, density and forest structures as well as with ground conditions (snow-free, dry snow, wet snow). Three radar vegetation indexes (IVR, IVRD[subscript HH] and IVRD[subscript VV]) are analyzed. The IVR index in C and L bands, as well as the IVRD[subscript VV] index in L band are sensitive to forest density. The volume scattered power of the Freeman-Durden decomposition also allows to characterize forest density in C, L and P bands.In order to partially reduce the effect of forested area on the backscattering of a snow cover, image difference between the C-band backscattering coefficient (HH polarization) and the C-band volume scattered power in wet snow condition is performed. The error matrix generated over the snow pit shows that a threshold of 1.5 dB applied to the image difference leads to errors less than 6%. The obtained results clearly show the utility of multifrequency, multipolarisation and polarimetric SAR data for wet snow detection over different forested areas.

This work was motivated by questions raised from multifrequency microwave interferometer measurements taken in a cylindrical plasma on the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) project. Standard data analysis based on a thin beam model neglecting refraction yields inconsistent electron densities and density profiles for different frequencies. This work focuses on the development of a model for the wave propagation through cylindrical plasmas when the plasma radius is on the order of the beam waist. For the calculations presented a Gaussian beam profile and plasma spatial profile were assumed. Both refraction by density gradients and finite beam sizes are found to play important roles and explain polychromatic differences in the electron densities and profiles. Calculations for the new model are compared to a thin beam model not accounting for refraction and experimental data from VASIMR.

Dans le domaine de l’Aviation Civile, les motivations de recherches sont souvent guidées par la volonté d’améliorer la capacité de l’espace aérien grâce à la modernisation des moyens de navigation aérienne existants et aux nouvelles infrastructures. Ces buts peuvent être atteints en développant les services qui permettent des opérations d’approche et d’atterrissage plus robustes et plus fiables. La navigation par satellite, grâce au Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), a été reconnue comme un moyen performant de fournir des services de navigation aérienne [1] [2]. Le concept du GNSS requiert l’utilisation de moyen d’augmentations pour fournir une fonction de contrôle d’intégrité au vu des exigences [1] relatives aux applications critiques de type aviation civile. Un de ces moyen est le GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation System) et est standardisé par l’OACI pour fournir un service de navigation incluant les approches de précision allant jusqu’à la catégorie I incluse, en utilisant les constellations GPS ou GLONASS [3]. Des études sont en cours pour permettre d’étendre ce service jusqu’à la catégorie II/III avec le GPS L1 C/A, cependant des contraintes sont apparues lors de la surveillance de la ionosphère. Grâce à la modernisation du GPS et GLONASS et aux futures constellations Galileo et Beidou, les futurs GNSS utilisant de multiples constellations et de multiples fréquences (MC/MF) sont étudiés. Les activités de recherches européennes se sont appuyées sur la constellation GPS et sur la future constellation Galileo. Ce MC/MF GBAS devrait permettre de nombreuses améliorations comme un meilleur modèle des retards atmosphériques. Cependant, des challenges doivent être résolus avant d’atteindre les bénéfices potentiels. Dans ce travail de thèse, 2 principaux sujets en rapport avec le GBAS ont été traités, la transmission des données de corrections avec le MC/MF GBAS et l’impact des biais troposphériques avec le SC/SF et MC/MF GBAS. Dû aux contraintes portant sur le format des messages transmis à l’utilisateur via l’unité VDB [4], une nouvelle approche est nécessaire pour permettre l’élaboration du MC/MF GBAS. Une des solutions proposée dans cette thèse est de transmettre les corrections et les données d’intégrité à l’utilisateur dans des messages séparés à des fréquences différentes. De plus, ce travail de thèse remet en question la modélisation de l’atmosphère et particulièrement celle de la troposphère dans des conditions nominales que non-nominales en se concentrant d’abord sur le calcul du pire gradient troposphérique avant de développer les précédents travaux pour borner cette menace dans le but de protéger l’utilisateur. En vue du futur MC/MF GBAS, une nouvelle approche s’est avérée nécessaire. Ainsi, dans ce projet de thèse, des modèles météorologiques numériques (NWMs) sont utilisés pour estimer intégralement la composante horizontale du pire gradient troposphérique. Une méthode innovante pour rechercher les pires gradients troposphériques horizontaux est utilisée pour déterminer les biais qu’ils induisent impactant les avions visant une approche de Cat II/III avec le GBAS. Un modèle de ces pires biais de mesures troposphériques différentiels horizontaux dépendant de l’élévation des satellites pour 2 régions européennes est alors développé. La composante verticale est aussi modélisée grâce à une étude statistique qui compare les données réelles au modèle standard. Un modèle du biais différentiel total non corrigé est développé et doit être introduit dans le calcul des niveaux de protections sous des conditions nominales. Pour borner l’impact de la troposphère sur l’erreur de position tout en se focalisant sur le souhait d’avoir un nombre de données transmises à l’utilisateur faible, différentes solutions conservatives ont été développées où au minimum 3 paramètres, définis selon leur région géographique d’utilisation, doivent être transmis à l’utilisateur. / In the Civil Aviation domain, research activities aim to improve airspace capacity and efficiency whilst meeting stringent safety targets. These goals are met by improving performance of existing services whilst also expanding the services provided through the development of new Navigation Aids. One such developmental axe is the provision of safer, more reliable approach and landing operations in all weather conditions. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been identified as a key technology in providing navigation services to civil aviation users [1] [2] thanks to its global coverage and accuracy. The GNSS concept includes the provision of an integrity monitoring function by an augmentation system to the core constellations. This is needed to meet the required performances which cannot be met by the stand-alone constellations. One of the three augmentation systems developed within civil aviation is the GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation System) and is currently standardized by the ICAO to provide precision approach navigation services down to Cat I using the GPS or GLONASS constellations [3]. Studies on-going with the objective to extend the GBAS concept to support Cat II/III precision approach operations with GPS L1 C/A, however some difficulties have arisen regarding ionospheric monitoring. With the deployment of Galileo and Beidou alongside the modernization of GPS and GLONASS, it is envisaged that the GNSS future will be multi-constellation (MC) and multi-frequency (MF). European research activities have focused on the use of GPS and Galileo. The MC/MF GBAS concept should lead to many improvements such as a better modelling of atmospheric effects but several challenges must be resolved before the potential benefits may be realized. Indeed, this PhD has addressed two key topics relating to GBAS, the provision of corrections data within the MC/MF GBAS concept and the impact of tropospheric biases on both the SC/SF and MC/MF GBAS concepts. Due to the tight constraints on GBAS ground to air communications link, the VDB unit, a novel approach is needed. One of the proposals discussed in the PhD project for an updated GBAS VDB message structure is to separate message types for corrections with different transmission rates. Then, this PhD argues that atmospheric modelling with regards to the troposphere has been neglected in light of the ionospheric monitoring difficulties and must be revisited for both nominal and anomalous scenarios. The thesis focuses on how to compute the worst case differential tropospheric delay offline in order to characterize the threat model before extending previous work on bounding this threat in order to protect the airborne GBAS user. In the scope of MC/MF GBAS development, an alternative approach was needed. Therefore, in this PhD project, Numerical Weather Models (NWMs) are used to assess fully the worst case horizontal component of the troposphere. An innovative worst case horizontal tropospheric gradient search methodology is used to determine the induced ranging biases impacting aircraft performing Cat II/III precision approaches with GBAS. This provides as an output a worst case bias as a function of elevation for two European regions.The vertical component is also modelled by statistical analysis by comparing the truth data to the GBAS standardized model for vertical tropospheric correction up to the height of the aircraft. A model of the total uncorrected differential bias is generated which must be incorporated within the nominal GBAS protection levels. In order to bound the impact of the troposphere on the positioning error and by maintaining the goal of low data transmission, different solutions have been developed which remain conservative by assuming that ranging biases conspire in the worst possible way. Through these techniques, it has been shown that a minimum of 3 parameters may be used to characterize a region’s model.

This work presents a combination of analytical and numerical approaches to gain an insight of the dynamics of marine risers and micro machined resonators. Despite their scale difference, we show that both systems share similarities in terms of initial static deformation, quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, and internal resonances. First, we utilize the state space method to study the eigenvalue problem of vertical riser. An orthonormalization step is introduced to recover the numerical scheme during numerical integration and we investigate the effect of applied tension, apparent weight, and higher-order modes on the accuracy of the scheme. We show that the method is advantageous to find eigenvalues and mode shapes of vertical risers in comparison to other methods. The work is extended to study the eigenvalue problem of inclined risers considering the influence of static deflection, self-weight and mid-plane stretching. The linear dynamics is solved using Galerkin method. The results demonstrate that under the influence of tension and configuration angle, the frequencies exhibit commensurate ratio with respect to the first natural frequency leading to the possible activation of internal resonances. Next, we study the nonlinear interactions of inclined risers considering two-to-one and three-to-one internal resonances under single and multifrequency excitations. The multiple times scale method is applied to study the nonlinear interaction and results are compared to those from a Galerkin solution showing good agreement. Time histories and perturbation’s response curves, in addition to the dynamical solution obtained by Galerkin and stability analysis using Floquet theory are utilized to examine the system. These results feature nonlinear energy exchange, saddle node jumps, and Hopf bifurcations leading to complex dynamic motion that can endanger the riser structure. Finally, the analysis using pertubation is extended to investigate the two-to-one internal resonance in micromachined arch beams between its first two symmetric modes. The response is analyzed using the perturbation method considering the nonlinear interaction and two simultaneous excitations at higher AC voltages. Good agreement is found among the results of pertubations, Galerkin and experimental data from fabricated Silicon arch beam. Different types of bifurcations are observed which can lead to quasi-periodic and potentially chaotic motions.

High-quality factor oscillators are often used in measurements of verysmall force since they exhibit an enhanced sensitivity in the narrow frequencyband around resonance. Forces containing frequencies outside this frequencyband are often not detectable and the total force acting on the oscillatorremains unknown. In this thesis we present methods to eciently use theavailable bandwidth around resonance to reconstruct the force from partialspectral information.We apply the methods to dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) wherea tip at the end of a small micro-cantilever oscillates close to a sample surface.By reconstructing the force between the tip and the surface we can deducedierent properties of the surface. In contrast, in conventional AFM only oneof the many frequency components of the time-dependent tip-surface forceallowing for only qualitative conclusions about the tip-surface force.To increase the number of measurable frequency components we developed Intermodulation AFM (ImAFM). ImAFM utilizes frequency mixing ofa multifrequency drive scheme which generates many frequencies in the response to the nonlinear character of the tip-surface interaction. ImAFM,amplitude-modulated AFM and frequency-modulated AFM can be considered as special cases of narrow-band AFM, where the tip motion can bedescribed by a rapidly oscillating part and a slowly-varying envelope function. Using the concept of force quadratures, each rapid oscillation cycle canbe analyzed individually and ImAFM measurements can be interpreted as arapid measurement of the dependence of the force quadratures on the oscillation amplitude or frequency. To explore the limits of the force quadraturesdescription we introduce the force disk which is a complete description of thetip-surface force in narrow-band AFM at xed static probe height.We present a polynomial force reconstruction method for multifrequencyAFM data. The polynomial force reconstruction is a linear approximativeforce reconstruction method which is based on nding the parameters of amodel force which best approximates the tip-surface force. Another classof reconstruction methods are integral techniques which aim to invert theintegral relation between the tip-surface force and the measured spectraldata. We present an integral method, amplitude-dependence force spectroscopy (ADFS), which reconstructs the conservative tip-surface force fromthe amplitude-dependence of the force quadratures. Together with ImAFMwe use ADFS to combine high-resolution AFM imaging at high speeds withhighly accurate force measurements in each point of an image. For the measurement of dissipative forces we discuss how methods from tomography canbe used to reconstruct forces that are a function of both tip position andvelocity.The methods developed in this thesis are not limited to dynamic AFM andwe describe them in the general context of a harmonic oscillator subject to anexternal force. We hope that theses methods contribute to the transformationof AFM from a qualitative imaging modality into quantitative microscopy andwe hope that they nd application in other measurements which exploit theenhanced sensitivity of a high-quality factor oscillator. / <p>QC 20130527</p>

Multifrequency averaging is one of the widely used modeling and simulation techniques today for the analysis and design of power electronic systems. This technique is capable of providing the average behavior as well as the ripple behavior of power electronic systems. Hysteresis current control has fast response and internal current stability through controlling switches to maintain the current within a given hysteresis band of a given current command. However the state space variables in a hysteresis controlled system cannot be directly approached by multifrequency averaging method because of time varing switching frequency. In this thesis, a method of applying multifrequency averaging to hysteresis current controlled dc-dc converters is proposed. A dc-dc converter model with the application of this method has been successfully developed and validated both in simulation and experiment.

Des données acoustiques sont collectées en continu lors de campagnes écosystémiques pour détecter les bancs de poissons d’espèces commerciales et en quantifier l’abondance. Ces données multifréquences contiennent également des informations sur des agrégations de cibles plus petites qui se présentent sous forme de couches diffusantes. Il existe une grande diversité de couches diffusantes dont l’aspect sur les échogrammes, la réponse fréquentielle et la composition spécifique varient. L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir les types de couches diffusantes rencontrées lors de la campagne PELGAS, de décrire leurs distributions spatiales à méso-échelle, de les comparer à celles des autres compartiments de l'écosystème, et d'examiner la composition taxonomique des couches diffusantes résonantes à fine échelle. Une méthode de classification non supervisée des échos appliquée aux données PELGAS permet de définir des « paysages acoustiques » structurés spatialement. Ces paysages acoustiques sont dominés par des réflecteurs porteurs de bulles de gaz résonnant aux fréquences halieutiques et ne sont corrélés à aucun compartiment de l'écosystème pélagique issus de PELGAS2013. La composition biologique de couches diffusantes denses est étudiée à fine échelle en combinant par des approches directe et inverse les résultats de leur échantillonnage acoustique et biologique. Les résultats montrent que la réponse acoustique des couches diffusantes denses est dominée par celle de bulles de gaz incluses dans des larves de poissons (e.g. Sardina pilchardus}), et dans des organismes micronectoniques, qui sont peu ou pas échantillonnés avec les outils de collecte biologique. / Fisheries acoustic data are continuously collected during ecosystemic surveys to detect fish schools of commercial species and to quantify the fish abundance. These multifrequency data also contain information about smaller target aggregations producing ubiquitous Sound Scattering Layers (SSLs) on the echograms, with quite diverse shape, frequency responses and taxonomic compositions. In this work, we focus on the SSLs observed in spring in the Bay of Biscay during the PELGAS surveys. The objectives are: i) to classify SSLs, ii) to describe their spatial meso-scale distribution, iii) to investigate their relationships with other ecosystem components, and iv) to investigate the taxonomic composition of resonant SSLs at fine scale. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis based method for non supervised echoes classification is applied to PELGAS multifrequency data to define constrasted and spatially structured “acoustic landscapes”. Acoustic landscapes are dominated by frequency responses of gas-bearing organisms, whose gas inclusion might resonate at the fisheries acoustic frequencies. No correlation is found between the spatial distributions of acoustic landscapes and those of other pelagic ecosystem components indices. The biological composition of resonant SSLs is investigated by jointly applying forward and inverse approaches to fine scale acoustic and biological data collected in the same dense SSL. Results suggest that the dense SSLs may be comprised of fish larvae (e.g. Sardina pilchardus) and larger micronektonic gas-bearing organims that are so far very poorly sampled by non-acoustic devices.

No description available.

No description available.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma para o estudo teórico e experimental de dispositivos amplificadores de micro-ondas do tipo válvula de ondas progressivas (TWT). A plataforma é composta por um modelo matemático e uma bancada de testes. O modelo matemático descreve a TWT como uma linha de transmissão acoplada a um feixe eletrônico unidimensional, onde as forças de carga espacial AC e DC são calculadas auto consistentemente, eliminando-se a necessidade de um cálculo separado para o fator de redução de carga espacial. O modelo matemático deu origem a dois códigos para a simulação da TWT. Ambos foram comparados com resultados experimentais e teóricos disponíveis na literatura especializada para uma pré-validação. O nível de concordância entre os presentes resultados e aqueles de referência foi acima de 90%, o que atendeu as expectativas de exatidão do modelo, tendo em vista que nem todos os parâmetros de entrada estavam disponíveis na referência. A bancada de testes construída é composta por uma TWT com banda de operação de 6,0 a 18 GHz e potência saturada máxima em torno de 55 dBm (316 W) em 13 GHz, um circuito de polarização para a mesma e a instrumentação necessária para a realização das medidas pertinentes aos amplificadores de potência. A TWT em questão foi caracterizada segundo seu comportamento mono-sinal e multi-sinal. As curvas de ganho e potência foram obtidas em função da frequência utilizando a voltagem de aceleração do feixe eletrônico e a potência de entrada como parâmetros. As curvas de transferência de potência, de fase e compressão de ganho foram obtidas para frequências escolhidas ao longo da banda, tendo novamente a voltagem de aceleração como parâmetro. Adicionalmente, a produção de produtos de intermodulação de terceira ordem foi caracterizada no ponto de 1 dB de compressão de ganho ao longo da banda analisada. Um teste de linearização por injeção de sinais, que estava previsto no plano de trabalho, não apresentou o desempenho esperado devido a problemas no funcionamento do circuito linearizador. Esses problemas foram analisados e listou-se uma série de passos para saná-los. / This work deals with the development of a platform for theoretical and experimental investigations of microwave amplifiers devices of the type traveling-wave tube (TWT). The platform consists of a mathematical model and a test bench. The mathematical model describes the TWT as a transmission line coupled to a onedimensional electron beam, in which the AC and DC space charge forces are calculated self-consistently, eliminating the need for a separate calculation for the space charge reduction factor. The mathematical model gave rise to two codes for the simulation of TWTs. Both codes were validated against experimental and theoretical results available in the literature. The overall level of agreement between the present results and those from the reference was above 90%, which was considered satisfactory since not all input parameters were available in the reference. The test bench consists of a wideband TWT operating from 6.0 to 18 GHz and maximum saturated power around 55 dBm (316 W) at 13 GHz, a biasing circuit, and the instrumentation needed to perform the relevant measurements to the power amplifier. The TWT in question was characterized according to its mono-signal and multi-signal behavior. The gain and power curves were obtained as a function of the frequency using the beam voltage and the input power as parameters. The curves of power transfer, phase transfer and gain compression were obtained for selected frequencies along the operating band, again, using the beam voltage as a parameter. Furthermore, the production of third-order intermodulation products was measured at the 1 dB gain compression point over the band analyzed. A linearization test applying the signal injection technique, which was part of the initial work plan, presented inadequate performance due to problems in the linearizer circuit operation. These problems were analyzed and a guide to solve them was provided.