Vattenkraftens ska förses med moderna miljövillkor i linje med miljöbalken. Ett av underlagen som föreslås vara nödvändigt inför prövningen är kännedom var det finns strömmande vatten och olika typer av habitat, något som inte finns i alla avrinningsområden. Arbetets syfte var därför att testa och utvärdera metoder som med begränsat underlag kan användas för att identifiera lax- och öringshabitat samt utreda sträckornas habitatskvaliteten. För att genomföra detta genomfördes först en lutningsanalys där vattendragets strömsträckor identifierades genom att utifrån lantmäteriets höjdmodell, bestämma lutningen i vattendraget. Därefter bestämdes beskuggningsgraden vid strömsträckorna genom att studera flygbilder följt av parametrarna vattenhastighet, bredd och djup beräknades med MSB:s hydrauliska modell. På detta applicerades trout habitat score och laxhabitatklass, två bedömningssystem som används för att kvalitetsbestämma habitat utifrån fiskens habitatspreferenser för ovannämnda parametrar. Den predikterade habitatskvaliteten validerades sedan mot redan kända habitat som karterats i fält då vattendraget biotopkarterades. Med lutningsanalysen identifierades strömsträckor där samtliga kända habitat som karterats som bra eller mycket bra identifierades. Metoden fungerade således bra för att identifiera strömmande vatten. Det finns dock svagheter eftersom metoden inte nödvändigtvis säger något direkt om strömsträckornas habitatskvalitet, men tillsammans med andra metoder så som lokalkännedom kan borde den vara till nytta att på ett enkelt sätt få en bra bild över utbredningen av vattendragets strömsträckor. När habitatskvaliteten beräknades vid strömsträckorna underskattades i de flesta fall. Vad detta beror på går inte att svara på utan vidare undersökning, men det finns mycket som pekar på att det är till följd av att den hydrauliska modellens rumsliga skala samt kalibrering. Det finns således stora osäkerheter med att använda MSB:s hydrauliska modell i habitatkarteringssyfte. / Hydropower is vital for Sweden. Not only does it provide Sweden with around 40% of the annual electricity production and supply the electric grid with system services, but the energy is also to be concerned as renewable with no greenhouse gas emissions. However, the hydropower plants and its dams create environmental problems for the aquatic life in the lake and streams. Moreover, little to no measures have been implemented as most powerplants come from a time where the concern and requirements for environmental mitigation measures were considered. Sweden’s hydropower is therefore to apply for new water permits in line with the Swedish environmental code, likely to result in many powerplants having to implement mitigation measures to lower their impact on the aquatic life. In this work, data on river habitats must compiled, however, the extent to which this data exists varies between different river basins. In river basins where the level of this kind of knowledge is low there is a need for cost-effective ways to investigate this matter. The aim of the thesis was to test and evaluate methods that can be used to identify in stream habitats for trout and salmon parr and assess the quality of these habitats using data which is highly available for many river basins. First a slope analysis was conducted in GIS, to identify rapids in the study area. The method is based on calculating the average slope along the river using the national terrain model. Once rapids were identified, aerial footage was studied to determine the rate of shadow cast on the watercourse and a free to use hydraulic model was used to calculate water velocity, depth, and top width at the rapid locations. Later, the above-mentioned parameters were combined using two methods, trout habitat score and salmon habitat class, to rate the rapids’ functionality as habitat for salmon and trout parr. Finally, the habitat location and quality of the identified rapids were validated against already known habitats, mapped with conventional habitat mapping methods. Using the slope analysis, all known habitats were identified. However, there were a few uncertainties as several river stretches, not mapped as habitat, also were identified. These wrongly identified rapids were for the most part to be regarded as moderately flat and could be excluded using aerial photographs. When it comes to the predicted habitat quality, it can be concluded that it generally was underestimated when compared to the habitat quality from the habitat mapping. The reasons for this were not fully investigated in this thesis, however much points towards weaknesses related to the hydraulic model as it primarily was hydraulic parameters such as depth and top width that was underestimated. The thesis conclude that the slope analysis is a strong tool when it comes to locating in stream habitats using sparse data and has good potential as a screening tool, but one must be aware of the method’s short comings. The hydraulic model on the other hand, shouldn’t be used in its original form to investigate habitat quality.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:UPSALLA1/oai:DiVA.org:kth-298186 |
| Date | January 2021 |
| Creators | Wallin, Tony |
| Publisher | KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik |
| Source Sets | DiVA Archive at Upsalla University |
| Language | Swedish |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Student thesis, info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis, text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | TRITA-ABE-MBT ; 21358 |
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