Cheng, Siu Fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-141). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.ii / (Chinese) --- p.V / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / List of Abbreviations --- p.x / Table of Contents --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Literature Reviews --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Bacterial Infection in Neonates --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Overview of Bacterial Infection in Neonates --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Gram-Positive Bacteria and Infection in Newborns --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Lipoteichoic Acid - the Immunostumulatory Component of Gram-Positive Bacteria --- p.5 / Chapter Figure 1.1 --- Schematic Representation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall --- p.8 / Chapter Figure 1.2 --- Structure of Lipoteichoic Acid Polymer --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Immune System of the Neonate --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Overview of the Human Immune System --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Innate Immune System --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Adaptive immune system --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Macrophages --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Overview of Macrophages --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Functions of Macrophages --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Macrophages in Gram-Positive Bacterial Infection --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Natural Killer Cells --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Overview of Natural Killer Cells --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Activation of Natural Killer Cells --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Functions of Natural Killer Cells --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Activation Markers on Natural Killer Cell Surface --- p.27 / Chapter Figure 1.3 --- Schematic Diagram of CD 107a Expression in NK Cells During Degranulation --- p.30 / Chapter 1.5 --- Interactions Between Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6 --- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Infection --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7 --- ApolipoproteinA-1 (ApoA-1) and Infection --- p.34 / Chapter 1.8 --- Overall Objectives of the Study --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Reagents Used --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sampling Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Mononuclear Cell Isolation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Mononuclear Cell Cryopreservation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- Induction of Macrophage from MNC culture --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6 --- Enrichment of Natural Killer (NK) Cells from MNC --- p.43 / Chapter 2.7 --- Culture of NK Cells Using Conditioned Medium Collected From LTA-Stimulated Macrophages --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8 --- Western Blotting --- p.46 / Chapter 2.9 --- Cytokines in Culture Supernatant of Macrophages --- p.50 / Chapter 2.10 --- CD107a Assay --- p.51 / Chapter 2.11 --- CD69 Assay --- p.52 / Chapter 2.12 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.53 / Chapter Figure 2.1 --- A Representative Diagram to Show NK Cell Purity After Enrichment by Immuno-Magnetic Beads --- p.55 / Chapter Figure 2.2 --- A Diagram to Illustrate the Gating Method Used in CD 107a Assay --- p.56 / Chapter Figure 2.3 --- A Diagram to Illustrate the Gating Method Used in CD69 Assay --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Lipoteichoic Acid - Induced Inflammatory Responses of Cord Blood Macrophages in vitro --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1 --- LTA-Stimulated Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- LTA-Stimulated Secretion of Interleukin-6 in Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- LTA-Stimulated Secretion of Interleukin-12 in Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- LTA-Stimulated Phosphorylation of P44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (ERK1/2) in Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Effect of Apolipoprotein A-l Pre-Treatment on LTA-Stimulated P44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (Erkl/2) Phosphorylation --- p.64 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter Figure 3.1 --- LTA-Induced TNFa Secretion by Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.73 / Chapter Figure 3.2 --- LTA-Induced IL-6 Secretion by Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.74 / Chapter Figure 3.3 --- LTA-Induced IL-12 Secretion by Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.75 / Chapter Figure 3.4 --- Phosphorylation of P44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) Stimulated by LTA in Cord Blood Macrophages --- p.76 / Chapter Figure 3.5 --- The Effect of ApolipoproteinA-1 on LTA-Stimulated P44/42 MAPK Phosphorylation --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Lipoteichoic Acid - Induced Inflammatory Responses of Natural Killer Cells in vitro --- p.80 / Chapter 4.1 --- Dose-Dependent Effect of IL-15 on CD69 Expression --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of LTA on CD69 Surface Expression in NK Cells --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effects of LTA on CD 107a Surface Expression in NK Cells --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.87 / Chapter Figure 4.1 --- Dose-Dependent Effect of IL-15 on Cord Blood NK Cells CD69 Surface Expression --- p.93 / Chapter Figure 4.2 --- Effects of LTA and IL-15 on CD69 surface Expression in NK Cells --- p.95 / Chapter Figure 4.3 --- Effects of LTA and IL-15 on CD 107a surface Expression in NK Cells --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Effects of LTA-Primed Macrophage-Conditioned Medium on Autologous Natural Killer Cell Activation --- p.99 / Chapter 5.1 --- Effects of Macrophage-Conditioned Medium on Autologous NK Cell CD 107a Expression --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2 --- Effects of LTA-Stimulated Macrophages on Autologous NK cells CD69 Expression --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.105 / Chapter Figure 5.1 --- Flow Chart of the Experiment Design --- p.110 / Chapter Figure 5.2 --- Effects of Macrophage-Conditioned Medium on Autologous NK CD 107a Expression --- p.111 / Chapter Figure 5.3 --- Effects of Macrophage-Conditioned Medium on Autologous NK CD69 Expression --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion and General Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusion --- p.115 / Chapter 6.2 --- Potential Applications of the Findings --- p.117 / Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations --- p.118 / Chapter 6.4 --- Further Studies --- p.119 / References --- p.121
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_327565 |
| Date | January 2011 |
| Contributors | Cheng, Siu Fung., Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Medical Sciences. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | print, xiii, 141 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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