Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of this study was the development of food products produced from the neck flesh of Cape hake (Merluccius
capensis) as a means of adding value to hake heads. The product prototypes that have been developed include curried fish
chowder (packaged in stand-up pouches), fish spread (packaged in plastic casings) and Chakalaka hake (packaged in both
cans and retortabie pouches). A formula for fish stock, which was used as a base ingredient in the three product prototypes,
has also been standardised. Shelf life testing was regarded an essential part of the development processes for the
refrigerated product prototypes i.e. the curried fish chowder and the fish spread. Shelf life determinations involved
microbiological testing based on set microbiological standards as well as sensory monitoring and pH testing. Proximate
chemical- and mineral analyses were performed on freeze-dried samples of the developed product prototypes.
The efficiency of the antimicrobial peptides enterocin 1071 A and 1071 B, as biological preservatives, versus that of
conventional artificial preservatives was evaluated in the fish spread prototype. Three batches of fish spread were prepared:
one containing the enterocin crude extract; the second a combination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, while the
third batch containing no preservatives served as the control. Microbiological- and histamine tests coupled with
organoleptic monitoring and pH testing were carried out over a 21-day period. It was concluded that although enterocins
1071A and 1071B had some preserving effect in the fish spread, the artificial preservative combination was the superior
preserving agent. However, neither the biological preservatives nor the artificial preservative combination succeeded in
providing a satisfactory shelf life. The preserving agents used in this study were however not necessarily included at
optimum levels and higher levels could possibly lead to an improved shelf life.
The influence of two processing temperatures [121°C (249.8°F) and 116°C (240.8°F)] and two food container types
(retortable pouch and can) on the sensory quality characteristics of the Chakalaka hake-prototype was investigated. The
results indicated that the shorter processing time obtained with a higher processing temperature resulted in a product of
better sensory quality. The sensory quality characteristics of Chakalaka hake processed in cans at 121°C were closest to
that considered desirable for the product. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie studie was die ontwikkeling van voedselprodukte geproduseer uit die nekvleis van stokvis
(Merluccius capensis) met die doeI om waarde by stokviskoppe te voeg. Die volgende produk-prototipes is ontwikkel: 'n
dik vissop met 'n kerriegeur (verpak in regopstaande sakkies), 'n vissmeer (verpak in plastiekomhulsels) en Chakalaka hake
(verpak beide in blikkies en retortbestande sakkies). 'n Formule vir visaftreksel, wat as 'n basis-bestanddeel in die drie
produk-prototipes gebruik is, is ook gestandaardiseer. Rakleeftydstudies het 'n belangrike deel van die
ontwikkelingsprosesse van die verkoelde produk-prototipes, d.i. die dik vissop en die vissmeer, uitgemaak,
Rakleeftydbepalings het mikrobiologiese toetsing, gebaseer op vasgestelde mikrobiologiese standaarde, sowel as die
monitor van sensoriese eienskappe en pH metings behels. Proksimale chemiese- en mineraal analises is uitgevoer op
gevriesdroogde monsters van die ontwikkelde produk-prototipes.
Die effektiwiteit van die antimikrobiese peptiede enterosien 1071 A en 1071 B, as biologiese preserveermiddels, is ondersoek
in vergelyking met dit van konvensionele kunsmatige preserveermiddels in die vissmeer-prototipe. Drie mengsels vissmeer
is berei waarvan die eerste enterosien kru-ekstrak bevat het; die tweede 'n kombinasie van natrium bensoaat en kalium
sorbaat, terwyl 'n derde mengsel geen preserveermiddels bevat het nie en gedien het as kontrole. Mikrobiologiese- en
histamien toetse is gelyklopend met organoleptiese monitering en pH metings oor 'n tydperk van 21 dae op monsters van
die drie vissmeermengsels uitgevoer. Die ondersoek het getoon dat enterosien 1071 A en 1071 B wel 'n mate van
bederfwering in die vissmeer meegebring het, maar dat die kunsmatige preserveermiddelkombinasie 'n beter
preserveringseffek gehad het in die produk. Nie die biologiese preserveermiddels óf die kunsmatige preserveermiddelkombinasie
kon 'n bevredigende rakleeftyd teweegbring nie. Die preserveermiddels in hierdie studie is egter nie
noodwendig in optimale hoeveelhede gebruik nie en hoër vlakke kan moontlik tot 'n verbeterde rakleeftyd lei.
Die effek van twee prosesseringstemperature [121 °C (249.8°F) en 116°C (240.8°F)], sowel as twee verpakkingstipes
(retortbestande sakkie en blik), op die sensoriese kwaliteitseienskappe van die 'Chakalaka hake' -prototipe is ondersoek.
Die resultate het aangedui dat die korter prosesseringstyd verkry met 'n hoër prosesseringstemperatuur, gelei het tot 'n
produk van beter sensoriese gehalte. Die sensoriese kwaliteitseienskappe van 'Chakalaka hake' geprosesseer in blikke by
121°C was die naaste aan dit wat beskou word as gewens vir die produk.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/52765 |
| Date | 12 1900 |
| Creators | Van der Merwe, Marla |
| Contributors | Hoffman, L. C., Dalton, A., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Food Science. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | Unknown |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 58 p. : ill. |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
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