Trifolium ambiguum (Caucasian clover) is being released in New Zealand for use in areas where growth of T. repens (white clover) is marginal. Although closely related to T. repens, T. ambiguum has unique and highly specific nodulation requirements and as rhizobial strains capable of effectively nodulating T. ambiguum are not naturally found in New Zealand soils, they must be introduced with the seed. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains such as ICC105 form effective nodules on T. ambiguum but ineffective (Fix⁻) nodules on T. repens. The T. repens nodules nevertheless develop normally and contain bacteroids. R. l. bv. trifolii strains that are effective on T. repens such as NZP561, fail to nodulate T. ambiguum. As the host-specific nitrogen fixation defect of Caucasian clover rhizobia on T. repens has potentially adverse agronomic implications, the genetic basis for this Fix⁻ phenotype was investigated.
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain ICC105 was converted to Fix⁺ on T. repens by the introduction of an 18-kb fragment of DNA from a white clover rhizobial strain (NZP514) symbiotic plasmid. This fragment contained several nif and fix genes, including nifHDKEN, fixABCX, nifA, nifB, fdxN and fixU. Tn5 mutation of these white clover rhizobial genes demonstrated that most were required to impart the Fix⁺ phenotype on T. repens to ICC105, with the exception of nifA. Mutagenesis of the ICC105 nifA gene and subsequent complementation with various combinations of the white clover rhizobia nif/fix genes as well as transcriptional lacZ fusion studies of the ICC105 nifA and nifH genes demonstrated that ICC105 nifA is expressed and functional during the ineffective nodulation of T. repens and able to activate expression of nifHDKEN and fixABCX operons derived from white clover rhizobium but not from ICC105.
Sequence analysis and comparison of the intergenic region between the divergently transcribed nif/fix operons revealed a conserved 111-bp region found between the nifH/fixA promoters of Caucasian clover rhizobia, but not in white clover rhizobia. Attempts to modify this region in ICC105 failed in creating a strain which was Fix⁺ on T. repens; however recombination of the nifHD/fixAB region from a white clover rhizobium into the ICC105 genome produced several strains with a �swapped� nitrogen fixation phenotype (i.e. Fix⁺ on T. repens and Fix⁻ on T. ambiguum). A hypothesis was therefore proposed by which differences in the nifH/fixA promoter regions of Caucasian clover rhizobia and white clover rhizobia modulate the expression of the upstream genes in response to the particular plant host they are nodulating.
The incompatibility between the symbiotic plasmid of R. l. bv. trifolii ICC105 and the white clover rhizobium symbiotic plasmid cointegrate, pPN1, was also investigated and potential regions of each plasmid involved in this incompatibility were identified.
The research presented in this thesis has contributed to the genetic knowledge of the nitrogen fixation genes, and regulation of these genes in R. l. bv. trifolii. It has also provided progress towards the goal of creating a suitable inoculant strain for T. ambiguum that is able to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with both T. repens and T. ambiguum.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:ADTP/217482 |
| Date | January 2006 |
| Creators | Miller, Simon Hugh, n/a |
| Publisher | University of Otago. Department of Microbiology |
| Source Sets | Australiasian Digital Theses Program |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Rights | http://policy01.otago.ac.nz/policies/FMPro?-db=policies.fm&-format=viewpolicy.html&-lay=viewpolicy&-sortfield=Title&Type=Academic&-recid=33025&-find), Copyright Simon Hugh Miller |
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