<p>In plants, S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent phospho-base <em>N</em>-methyl transferases catalyze the three sequential methylations of phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine, the precursor for choline and the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. The enzyme phosphoethanolamine <em>N</em>-methyltransferase (PEAMT) catalyzes the first and committing step in choline synthesis, a step for which no known by-pass has been found. In <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> there are two loci annotated as encoding PEAMT and a putative PEAMT, At3g18000 (<em>NMT1</em>) and<em> </em>At1g73600 (<em>NMT3</em>), respectively. A related gene product that catalyzes the last two methylations is encoded by locus At1g48600 (<em>NMT2</em>). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of <em>NMT3 </em>in <em>Arabidopsis</em>. Three SALK lines carrying independent T-DNA insertions in At1g73600 were used: SALK_062703, SALK_016929c and SALK_120703c.</p> <p>Genomic DNA was used for PCR and sequence analysis of the products established the insertion of T-DNA in the protein coding region of At1g73600 for all three lines. Gene expression was analyzed by q-PCR. Primer design was particularly important for <em>NMT3 </em>transcript quantification by q-PCR. In SALK_062703 <em>nmt3 </em>mutants, the T-DNA is in exon 8 and in the SALK_120703c line it is in intron 6. In both cases, no <em>NMT3 </em>transcripts were detected using primers that annealed to sites 3’ to the position of the T-DNA in the gene. However, low levels of transcripts were detected using primers that annealed at positions 5’ to the site of T-DNA insertion. In the SALK_016929c line the position of the T-DNA insertion was in exon 2 and primers annealing near the site of the T-DNA insertion showed no <em>NMT3 </em>expression in this mutant but amplifying the mid portion of the gene showed WT levels of <em>NMT3 </em>transcripts. Thus all the mutants produce truncated <em>NMT3 </em>transcripts and by avoiding areas that overlap truncated transcript regions we could differentiate between <em>NMT3</em> knock-out or knock-down expression.</p> <p>Wild-type (<em>NMT3</em>) and <em>nmt3 </em>seedlings from the three lines grown on defined media plates showed no difference with respect to primary root length, number or density of lateral roots, and total root length. Exposing seedlings to salt (50 or 75 mM NaCl) led to reductions in root growth but again, roots of wild-type plants were indistinguishable from the mutant seedlings. One anomaly relates to the <em>nmt3</em> SALK_120703c<em> </em>line which showed two root phenotypes. On saline media most of the seedlings had longer roots that resembled the wild-type and other mutant lines and about a third had shortened roots. Whether the seedlings had long or short roots on salt, they all lacked <em>NMT3 </em>transcripts. This line is likely carrying another insertion that yields a salt-sensitive root phenotype. Mutant plants at four-weeks looked like wild-type plants and time of flowering was not reproducibly delayed or accelerated in mutant plants relative to wild-type.</p> <p>In wild-type seedlings the relative expression level of the three <em>NMT </em>genes is similar at day or night with transcript abundance ranked in the order <em>NMT3</em> > <em>NMT2 </em>> <em>NMT1. nmt3 </em>seedlings harvested midday showed no detectable <em>NMT3</em> expression but the abundance of <em>NMT1 </em>transcripts was 6.2-fold and 1.7-fold higher relative to wild-type in shoots and roots, respectively. At night, <em>NMT1 </em>expression in shoots of<em> nmt3 </em>seedlings decreased 4.8-fold relative to the level of <em>NMT1 </em>expression at midday while transcripts detected in roots increased slightly (1.3-fold). Using SALK_036291 <em>nmt1 </em>seedlings we found that <em>NMT3 </em>expression in shoots and roots was modestly up-regulated in the absence of <em>NMT1 </em>expression and the expression of <em>NMT3 </em>is lower at night than during the day. Also, regardless of the genotype or time of day, <em>NMT2 </em>expression remained constant even when <em>NMT1 </em>and <em>NMT3 </em>transcripts underwent several-fold changes in abundance. Interestingly, four-week old <em>nmt3 </em>plants of the SALK_062703 line showed that <em>NMT3 </em>expression is knocked-out in leaves but only knocked-down in roots.</p> <p><em> NMT3 </em>was the most highly expressed of the three <em>NMT </em>genes monitored by q-PCR. Nonetheless, three independent T-DNA insertion lines defective for <em>NMT3</em> expression were wild-type by appearance and as such, offer compelling evidence that NMT3 is not required by <em>Arabidopsis. </em>The increased expression of <em>NMT1 </em>in <em>nmt3 </em>plants and <em>NMT3</em> in <em>nmt1 </em>plants strongly suggests that plants compensate for the loss of one gene by up-regulating, to varying extents, the expression of the remaining <em>NMT </em>gene. If this is the case, a reasonable prediction made for a cross between <em>nmt1 </em>and <em>nmt3 </em>plants is that it would be lethal unless plants have yet another way to circumvent the loss of an essential enzyme for this committing metabolic bottleneck in choline synthesis.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:mcmaster.ca/oai:macsphere.mcmaster.ca:11375/13542 |
| Date | 10 1900 |
| Creators | Zulipihaer, Dilixiati |
| Contributors | Weretilnyk, Elizabeth A, Biology |
| Source Sets | McMaster University |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | thesis |
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