ATP is stored in millimolar concentrations within the intracellular medium but may be
released to extracellular sites either through the damaged plasma membrane or by means of
various transporters. Extracellular ATP or its enzymatic breakdown products, ADP, AMP,
and adenosine, may then stimulate a range of membrane receptors (Rs). These receptors are
classified as belonging to two types termed P2 or P1. P2Rs can be, in addition, subdivided
into the ligand-activated P2X and the G protein-coupled P2Y types. Adenosine acts on
the P1 type of receptor. A further classification identifies seven mammalian subtypes of
P2X1-7 and eight mammalian subtypes of P2YRs (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12,
P2Y13, P2Y14). P1Rs are either positively (A2A, A2B) or negatively (A1, A3) coupled to
adenylate cyclase via the respective G proteins. Already, such a high number of receptors
suggests that purine-mediated effects at the cellular but especially whole organism level
have an immense variability. Whereas P2XRs respond only the ATP, P2YRs are sensitive
to ATP/ADP, UTP/UDP, or UDP–glucose. Inspection of some articles in this Special
Issue will teach us that the nucleoside guanosine probably possesses a receptor of its
own, that nucleotides can be gradually degraded metabolically to functionally active
nucleotides/nucleosides (see above), and indirect effects by stimulating the synthesis or
decomposition of purines/pyrimidines may also increase functional diversity. Eventually,
P2/P1Rs may interact both with each other as well as with other neurotransmitter receptors.
It is, of course, important to note that, in many cases, receptor (sub)type-preferential
agonists and highly selective antagonists are available for pharmacological analysis.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:DRESDEN/oai:qucosa:de:qucosa:89158 |
| Date | 20 January 2024 |
| Creators | Aminin, Dmitry, Illes, Peter |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Source Sets | Hochschulschriftenserver (HSSS) der SLUB Dresden |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, doc-type:article, info:eu-repo/semantics/article, doc-type:Text |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | 12895 |
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