Histone modifications form an important part of the epigenetic landscape that controls many aspects of cellular function, including regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. The persistence and inheritance of many of these modifications through the cell cycle and differentiation are still unknown. Here, I show global epigenetic karyotypes of metaphase chromosomes labelled to highlight specific marks. Metaphase is transcriptionally inactive and so epigenetic marks here are not simply reflective of gene transcription. I found that histone marks such as H3K27me3 are inherited through differentiation, whereas others such as H4K20me3 have re-organised distributions. FISH analysis allowed the alignment of genetic features with H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 distributions, showing that these marks are correlated with increased gene density, revealing a deeply intertwined distribution in ES cells, indicating bivalency. Focusing on the Hoxa cluster using N-ChIP in ES cells allowed the analysis of histone modification prevalence at the single gene level in ES cells. Most histone modifications remain stable between G1/S phase and G2/M phase, although H3K9ac decreases in ES cells at G2/M. Results for bivalent modifications show permissive chromatin environments denoted by high H3K4me3 and low H3K27me3 methylation at gene promoters that are expressed soon after the onset of differentiation, denoting a predictive chromatin signature. This signature was altered after five days of differentiation, where H3K4me3 increases and H3K27me3 decreases at most Hoxa promoters, concomitant with the rise in expression of some Hoxa genes, displaying the dynamic properties necessary to represent a mechanism for control of transcription during differentiation.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:bl.uk/oai:ethos.bl.uk:655843 |
| Date | January 2015 |
| Creators | Bowker, Richard Michael |
| Publisher | University of Birmingham |
| Source Sets | Ethos UK |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Electronic Thesis or Dissertation |
| Source | http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6073/ |
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