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Previous issue date: 2009-08 / No Brasil, como no resto do mundo, tem crescido de forma significativa a realização, em caráter voluntário, de associações entre organizações governamentais e empresas privadas para combater a pobreza. São exemplos disso: a doação de alimentos de uma indústria para um programa público de combate à desnutrição infantil; a alocação de recursos de uma associação empresarial para a construção de cisternas no bojo de uma política governamental de convivência com o semiárido; o apoio financeiro de diversas empresas a programas oficiais de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA); a participação de empresas em campanhas lideradas por entidades governamentais que visam eliminar o trabalho infantil e o trabalho escravo. Essas associações, chamadas de parcerias público-privadas do social (PPPs) – de acordo com a nomenclatura utilizada pelas Nações Unidas – inscrevem-se nos movimentos, globais e nacionais, de responsabilidade social das empresas (RSE) e de investimento social privado (ISP). As razões que explicam o crescimento desse fenômeno social são diversas e, por vezes, contraditórias. Para uns, as parcerias têm por objetivo complementar a diminuição dos recursos públicos resultante do recuo do Estado na área social. Para outros, trata-se da demanda de consumidores, cada vez mais conscientes, que pressionam as empresas para que incorporem nos seus negócios novas dimensões, além da organização econômica, que dizem respeito à vida social, cultural e à preservação ambiental. Há ainda os que entendem as PPPs como um recurso de marketing utilizado pelas empresas para minimizar as críticas pelo poder excessivo que hoje detem. E, por fim, outros grupos da sociedade avaliam que tais parcerias integram o movimento neoliberal que busca desmanchar as referências aos direitos sociais considerados como entraves à acumulação do capital. Essas diferentes e, mesmo, antagônicas visões, nos levaram a querer aprofundar a temática – além do fato de que no mundo acadêmico ainda são pouco numerosas as reflexões sobre o assunto. Assim, a questão central que procuramos responder nesta tese de doutorado refere-se ao papel que as empresas privadas podem vir a exercer na implementação de políticas de combate à pobreza, ou seja, até que ponto o setor empresarial pode partilhar com o Estado o atendimento de direitos sociais básicos. Para tanto, buscamos investigar as ambivalências e as ambiguidades que caracterizam o processo de institucionalização das PPPs no Brasil, especialmente a partir da década de 1990. Partimos da hipótese de que a atual conformação, no país, das parcerias entre entidades governamentais e empresas privadas para combater a pobreza, inserem-se num movimento global que busca despolitizar a questão das desigualdades sociais e contempla o enfrentamento da pobreza a partir de seu deslocamento da esfera dos direitos. Para realizar nossa reflexão, a par da discussão teórica, apoiamo-nos nos resultados de fontes primárias e secundárias de informações. No que se refere às fontes primárias, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com atores relevantes para a construção da agenda das parcerias no Brasil. As entrevistas buscaram reconstruir o processo e a movimentação dos atores, bem como suas motivações, interesses, ideias e instituições, de modo a auxiliar no estudo e na verificação de nossa hipótese inicial de trabalho. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / In Brazil, as in the rest of the world, volunteer associations between governmental
organizations and private corporations to fight poverty have been growing at a fast pace.
Examples of this fact are: the donation of food products by an industry to a public program
against child malnutrition; funds being allocated by an entrepreneurial association to building
cisterns under a governmental policy for improving living conditions in Brazil's semiarid
region; financial support from various companies to official Youth and Adult Education
(EJA) programmes; the participation of private companies in campaigns led by government
organizations designed to eliminate child labor and slave labor. These associations, which are
referred to as public-private partnerships (PPPs) – according to the nomenclature used by the
United Nations – are part of global and national movements to promote corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and private social investment (PSI). There are many, and at times
contradictory, reasons that explain the growth observed in this social phenomenon. For some
people, these partnerships are aimed at complementing a decrease in the availability of public
funds resulting from a reduced presence of the State in the social area. For others, they
resulted from a demand from increasingly aware consumers, who are pressing companies to
take into account new dimensions, beyond economic organization, in their business activities,
which are related to social and cultural life and environmental preservation. Others believe
that these PPPs are a marketing resource which companies have been resorting to with the aim
of minimizing any criticism against them based on the excessive power that they have today.
Finally, other groups in society believe that these partnerships are an element of the neoliberal
movement designed to play down references to social rights that are seen as hurdles to
accumulating capital. These different and even antagonic views have led us to want to discuss
these themes in greater depth, because, among other reasons, not many debates on this subject
are being held in academic circles. Therefore, the key issue that we intend to address in this
doctor's degree thesis refers to the role private corporations can play in policies against
poverty, i.e. to what extent can the corporate sector share actions with the State in meeting
basic social rights. For this purpose, we sought to investigate ambivalences and ambiguities
that characterize the process of institutionalizing PPPs in Brazil, particularly since the 1990s.
Our initial assumption was that the way partnerships are being established between
governmental organizations and private corporations to fight poverty in Brazil suggests that
they are part of a global movement aimed at depoliticizing the issue of social inequalities,
making it possible for poverty to be addressed as an issue detached from the sphere of rights.
In this reflection, apart from theoretical discussions, we relied on results of primary and
secondary information sources. As primary sources, we carried out a qualitative survey based
on semi-structured interviews with relevant actors for building the partnership agenda in
Brazil. These interviews sought to rebuild the process, the actions of the actors involved and
their motivations, interests, ideas and institutions, with the aim of producing inputs for our
reflections and checking our initial assumption. ___________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMÉ / Au Brésil, comme dans le reste du monde, on voit augmenter significativement le
nombre d’associations volontaires entre organisations gouvernementales et entreprises privées
destinées à combattre la pauvreté. On peut citer comme exemples de ces collaborations: les
dons d’aliments d’une industrie à un programme publique contre la malnutrition infantile;
l’attribution de fonds d’une association d’entreprises à la construction de citernes, dans le
cadre d’une politique gouvernementale d’adaptation à la sécheresse dans une région semiaride;
le financement par diverses societés de programmes officiels de lutte contre
l’analphabétisme parmi les jeunes et les adultes; ou encore la participation d’entreprises dans
des campagnes contre le travail des enfants et le travail forcé. Ces associations appelées
‘partenariats public-privés’ du social (PPPs) – selon la nomenclature utilisée para les Nations
Unies – font partie des mouvements, globaux et nationaux, de responsabilité sociale des
entreprises (RSE) et d’investissement social privé (ISP). Les facteurs explicatifs de la
croissance de ce phénomène sont variés et parfois même contradictoires. Pour certains, ces
partenariats ont comme objectif de compenser la réduction des budgets publiques à la suite du
recul de l’État dans le domaine social. Pour d’autres, il s’agit de demandes des
consommateurs, de plus en plus conscients et qui font pression sur les entreprises pour
qu’elles incluent dans leur stratégie de nouvelles variables non pas économiques, mais
sociales, culturelles et de protection de l’environnement. Pour d’autres encore, les PPPs
représentent une stratégie de marketing que les entreprises utilisent pour minimiser les
critiques qui leur sont faites en raison du pouvoir excessif qu’elles détiennent. Finalement,
pour encore d’autres, ces partenariats font partie du mouvement néo-libéral qui cherche à
détruire les références aux droits sociaux, considérés comme des barrières à l’accumulation du
capital. Ces interprétations diverses et même antagonistes nous ont amenée à vouloir
approfondir ce thème, d’autant plus que dans le monde académique les réflexions sur ce sujet
ne sont pas encore très nombreuses. C’est pourquoi la question centrale à laquelle nous nous
efforçons de répondre dans cette thèse de doctorat a trait au rôle que les entreprises privées
peuvent jouer au sein des politiques publiques contre la pauvreté. En d’autres termes,
jusqu’où les compagnies peuvent-elles partager avec l’État la satisfaction des droits sociaux?
Nous nous sommes donc proposé d’étudier les ambivalences et les ambiguités qui
caractérisent le processus d’institutionalisation des PPPs au Brésil, particulièrement a partir
des années 1990. Nous sommes partis de l’hypothèse que de la manière dont ces partenariats
se structurent de nos jours dans ce pays, ils s’inscrivent dans un mouvement global qui
cherche à dépolitiser la question des inégalités sociales et qui permette une réponse à la
pauvreté qui soit extérieure à la sphère politique des droits sociaux. Pour soutenir notre
recherche, au delà d’une réflexion théorique, nous nous sommes appuyés sur des données
primaires et secondaires. Les informations primaires ont été recueillies au moyen d’une
enquête qualitative que nous avons réalisée parmi des acteurs fondamentaux dans
l’institutionnalisation des partenariats public-privés au Brésil. Les interviews ont cherché à
reconstruire le processus des PPPs dans le pays, le mouvement des différents acteurs ainsi que
leurs motivations, leurs intérêts, leurs idées et leurs institutions, de manière à éclairer notre
réflexion et à vérifier notre hypothèse initiale de travail.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:repositorio.unb.br:10482/4900 |
| Date | 08 1900 |
| Creators | Beghin, Nathalie |
| Contributors | Carvalho, Denise Bomtempo Birche de |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | Unknown |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Source | reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, instname:Universidade de Brasília, instacron:UNB |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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