Delta-like 1 Homologue (DLK1), a transmembrane protein of 383 amino acids, belongs to a family of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeat-containing proteins that include Notch/Delta/Serrate, which are involved in cell fate determination. DLK1 is also known as preadipocyte factor-1, pG2, and FA-1, which are identical or polymorphic products of a single gene. Structural analysis revealed that DLK1 consists of an extracellular domain with six EGF-like repeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. The extracellular EGF-like region of DLK1 (DLK1-EC) can be released to the medium by the action of tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE). DLK1 participates in various differentiation processes including adipogenesis, hematopoiesis, and adrenal gland differentiation. Besides, DLK1 overexpression was observed in patients with biliary atresia and in glioblastoma. Recently, the extracellular domain of thrombomodulin, which also contains six EGF¡Vlike structures, has been delineated to stimulate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. This prompted us to investigate whether DLK1-EC played a role in angiogenesis. To test such hypothesis, recombinant DLK1-EC was expressed and purified in E. coli. Adding DLK1-EC recombinant protein inhibited the adipogenesis of adipocytes-derived stem cells in a dose-dependent manner. Despite marginal effect on matrix-metalloproteinase secretion, exogenous DLK1-EC significantly stimulated the proliferation, motility and tube-forming capability of cultured endothelial cells. Above all, implantation of DLK1-EC-containing hydron pellets induced cornea neovascularization in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that exogenous DLK1-EC induced angiogenesis through Notch1 activating downstream gene Hes1 and subsequently signaling such as Akt/eNOS, p38 MAPK, and ERK pathway to perform its function. Indeed, blockade of Notch1 signaling using £^-secretase inhibitor leads to decreased angiogenesis and inhibits DLK1 EC-induced
endothelial cell tubular formation in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate that
DLK1-EC induced Notch1 activation mediated by £^-secretase and tansactivation
Akt/eNOS pathway and that Notch1 is critical for DLK1 EC-induced angiogenesis.
These results may bring further insights into the physiological and pathological
functions of DLK1
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:NSYSU/oai:NSYSU:etd-0822107-141847 |
| Date | 22 August 2007 |
| Creators | Chang, Tzu-Ting |
| Contributors | Ming-Hong Tai, Jiin-Haur Chuang, Ching-Mei Hsu, Pei-Jung Lu |
| Publisher | NSYSU |
| Source Sets | NSYSU Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0822107-141847 |
| Rights | not_available, Copyright information available at source archive |
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