Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: African Acacia species are often major contributors to the progressive increase in the woody
component of savannas, a phenomenon commonly referred to as bush encroachment. In Hluhluwe-
Umfolozi Park, the numbers of adult Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Ex Del. trees per hectare far
exceed (by III) that of A. karroo Hayne adults. The relative dominance is reversed in the juvenile
stage with A. karroo (725 ha') outnumbering A. nilotica (225 ha-I) threefold outside closed
woodlands. African acacias produce large quantities of seed and may have large soil-stored seed
banks. They suffer pre-dispersal predation by bruchid beetles and may be either wind or animal
dispersed. Once dispersed they are vulnerable to post-dispersal attack.
This study tested several hypotheses regarding various aspects of seed ecology of A. karroo
and A. nilotica. The null hypothesis that seed ecology does not contribute to the success of A.
karroo over A. nilotica, was tested.
Acacia karroo trees were smaller (mean basal diameter: 7.8 cm) than A. ni/otica trees
(mean basal diameter: 18.5 cm) on average, but produced more seeds (A. karroo mean: 1628; A.
nilotica mean: 992) for a given basal diameter size class. It was found that A. karroo showed less
bruchid infestation (mean: 1.36-3.81%) than A. nilotica (mean: 14.67-86.70%) at all stages of pod
development with a proportion of A. karroo seeds (7.1 %) being able to germinate after bruchid
attack. Bruchid attack rendered A. ni/otica seeds unviable. There was no difference between the
two species with regards to the soil-stored seed bank and the viability of seeds found in the soil.
Acacia karroo showed higher germination levels (5.1%) and better establishment (4.9%) than A.
nilotica (1.5% and 0.4% respectively). On average, there was no difference in germination levels
between burnt and unbumt seeds, but there was a significant difference in germination of burnt
seeds in both burnt (4.5%) and unbumt (2.5%) sites and unbumt seeds in both burnt (2.8%) and
unbumt (4.9%) sites when considered separately.
Post-dispersal predation of A. karroo seeds (21.8%) was higher than that of A. nilotica
(12.7%). There was more rodent predation in tall grass areas (26.0%) than short grass (10.7%) or
canopy areas (15.2%), and most seeds were lost from unprotected control groups. Rodent presence
was a significant factor in unexplained seed disappearance.
The ability of A. karroo to germinate easily and the low levels of beetle predation
experienced by this species seemed to be its main advantage over A. nilotica as an encroaching
species in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Acacia spesies van Afrika is dikwels belangrike bydraers tot die progressiewe toename
in die houtkomponent van savannas. Hierdie verskynsel word algemeen na verwys as
bosindringing. In die Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park is die aantal volwasse Acacia nilotica (L.)
Willd. Ex Del. bome per hektaar aansienlik meer (l l l meer) as die aantal volwasse A.
karroo Hayne bome. In die jong stadium is die oorheersing omgekeerd, met driekeer soveel
A. karroo (725 ha-I) as A. nilotica (225 ha-I) bome buite beboste gedeeltes.
Afrika se Acacia spesies produseer groot hoeveelhede saad en kan oor aansienlike
grond-gebergde saadbanke beskik. Voor verspreiding word die saad aan predasie deur
bruchid-kewers blootgestel. Die saad kan óf deur wind óf diere versprei word en na
verspreiding word dit ook aan predasie blootgestel.
Hierdie studie het verskillende hipoteses rakende verskeie aspekte van die
saadekologie van A. karroo en A. nilotica getoets. Die nulhipotese dat saadekologie nie tot
die groter sukses van A. karroo teenoor A. nilotica bydrae nie, is getoets.
Acacia karroo bome was oor die algemeen kleiner (gemid. basale omtrek: 7.8 cm)
as A. nilotica (gemid. basale omtrek: 18.5 cm) bome maar het meer saad (A. karroo gemid.:
1628; A. nilotica gemid.: 992) per gegewe basale diameter grootte klas gelewer. Daar is
geen verskil tussen die twee spesies rakende grondgebergde saadbanke en die
lewensvatbaarheid van hierdie saad gevind nie.
Acacia karroo het hoër vlakke van ontkieming (5.1%) en beter vestiging (4.9%) as
A. nilotica (l.5% en .4% respektiewelik) getoon. Daar was oor die algemeen geen verskil in
die ontkiemingsvlakke van gebrande en ongebrande sade nie, maar wel 'n beduidende
verskil in die ontkieming van gebrande sade in beide gebrande (4.5%) en ongebrande
(2.5%) areas en ongebrande sade in gebrande (2.8%) en ongebrande (4.9%) areas as dit
afsonderlik geëvalueer is.
Die predasie van A. karroo saad na verspreiding (21.8%) was hoër as dié van A.
nilotica (12.7%). Daar was meer knaagdier-predasie in gebiede met lang gras (26.0%) as
dié met kort gras (10.7%) of boomryke gedeeltes (15.2%). Die meeste saad is in
onbeskermde kontrolegroepe verloor. Die teenwoordigheid van knaagdiere het 'n
belangrike rol in die onverklaarde verdwyning van saad gespeel.
Dit is gevind dat A. karroo se vermoë om maklik te ontkiem, asook die lae vlakke
van insek skade aan die saad, die belangrikste voorsprong is wat dié spesie oor A. nilotica
as 'n indringer in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park het.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/53044 |
| Date | 12 1900 |
| Creators | Walters, Michele |
| Contributors | Milton, S. J., Midgley, J. J., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | Unknown |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 135 p. |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
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