本論文延伸英國馬克思主義教育理論者Glenn Rikowski提出之「學校教育生產勞動力」的「勞動力理論」，論述現代資本主義中學校教育與資本積累的關係，指出受學校教育作為創造「商品化勞動力使用價值」的關鍵機制，將促進剩餘價值生產。此過程具有生產使用價值、生產交換價值、操持、強制性等四項特性，本身就可視為是一種「勞動」來觀察。本論文將此過程稱為「求學勞動」，以馬克思主義對其進行分析，提出「求學勞動理論」。
本論文發現，基於資本主義下資本積累需求與勞動者之間的競爭壓力，求學勞動將是一種異化的強制性活動，且具有(1)提高僱傭勞動的「剩餘價值率」，及(2)教育增額工資日益減少甚至低於教育費用的「再生產不足」等兩重剝削機制，以促成剩餘價值生產，維持資本主義體制。
運用國家理論觀察，求學勞動的內涵在國家中介下，除了滿足不同的資本積累需求外，也須透過政治控制與社會整合以滿足社會正當性，是故在不同的社會條件和權力分布下，將有著變動的「開放空間」，也可能造成不同的「危機」。
而自馬克思主義相關成果分析求學勞動，本論文發現求學勞動的過程包含著「競爭排序」與「權威控制」，使得「意識型態」得以運作，促成異化求學勞動與僱傭勞動持續運行。而為了用以抵擋資本主義利潤率下降趨勢，求學勞動有著更加異化、競爭化、階層化、延長化、貶值化、新自由主義化等諸項趨勢，但也有著包含反體制運動、教育改革及階級鬥爭的「反趨勢」可能。
本論文也運用了理論成果，針對台灣的「升學競爭」與「高教擴張」之現象及成因進行分析。本論文認為台灣升學壓力的原因與資本積累需求及勞動力競爭壓力相關。僅透過「廣設公立高中大學」、「取消人力規劃與強制分流教育」等方法，不足以消解升學壓力，反而恐將延後、強化、轉移競爭壓力。除非教育改革能(1)去除資本需求與其對勞動力的影響，(2)促成平等化的階層結構，(3)使教育資源分配的平等化，才有可能改變升學競爭壓力的結構原因。而1990年代台灣的高教擴張政策，非但無法達到其宣稱的目標，反而傾向「教育私有化」政策，更鞏固了「公私雙元高教系統」，強化競爭與階級繁衍。
最後，本論文指出基於求學勞動與僱傭勞動之間具有抽象結構的共通性，隨著客觀情勢惡化與集體行動的努力，具有打造出「工學聯合」的共通階級意識基礎，以共同投入改革或革命實踐的可能。 / This dissertation was inspired by the Marxist educational theorist Glenn Rikowski’s “labor power theory”, seeing schooling as producing labor power for capitalism, to research the relationship between schooling and capitalism.
From the Marxist point, I find that schooling is the key mechanism of producing commercial use-value of labor power, and will produce more surplus-value in the wage-labor process. I use Marxism to analysis schooling as a kind of labor, and naming it “schooling-labor” to propose a “schooling-labor theory”.
Because capitalists chase higher profits for accumulation and labors compete with each other for education or working opportunities, the schooling-labor would be a forced and alienated activity, consists of two mechanisms of exploitation for capitalism: (1) improving the surplus-value rate, and (2) causing “insufficient reproduction”.
The content of schooling-labor is mediated by the State to satisfy the accumulation of capital and social legitimation at the same time, so under different social elements and different distribution of power, there are “open spaces” to be mediated, and may result of different crises.
I find that the competition and authoritative control in the process of schooling-labor make the ideology work to maintain the alienated schooling-labor and wage-labor.
Moreover, for countervailing the tendency of “decreasing profit rate”, schooling-labor would turn into situations consist of alienation, competition, stratification, extension, and inflation; but however, there are also “counter-tendencies”, including anti-system movement, education reform, and class struggle.
After all, I use the theory to analyze the phenomenon and cause of “competition for education opportunities” and “expansion of higher education” in Taiwan, and I find that the expanding higher education in Taiwan could not solve the problem of educational need and competition, but caused the privatization of education, the “public-private polarized higher education system”, and reproduction of class.
Finally, the dissertation points out that because the uniformity between schooling-labor and wage-labor, the objective worse situation, and the power of collective actions, there are possibilities to manufacture the class consciousness of “students and workers” to engage in reform or revolution.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0094254006 |
| Creators | 林柏儀, Lin, Por-Yee |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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