L’exposition aux rayonnements ultraviolets (UV) solaires est un facteur de risque puisqu’ils induisent des dommages sur l’ADN responsables des mutations signatures retrouvées dans les cancers cutanés. Les principaux dommages induits sont les dimères cyclobutiliques de pyrimidine (CPD) et les photoproduits 6-4 de pyrimidine pyrimidone (6-4 PP). Étant très mutagènes, la cellule a mis en place des mécanismes de protection afin d’éliminer le dommage avant la survenue de mutations. La voie de réponse au dommage (DDR) est activée suite à une agression aux UV afin de détecter et signaler le dommage à la voie signalétique appropriée (réparation, mort cellulaire). La voie DDR est bien définie après une exposition à une dose unique d’UV, mais les conséquences d’une irradiation chronique aux UV (CLUV) et sa pré-stimulation précédant une dose unique sont méconnues. Nos résultats attestent que la CLUV impacte différemment le cycle cellulaire et la voie de réparation comparée à une dose unique d’UV. De même, elle induit des changements transcriptomiques et protéomiques affectant différentes voies de la DDR. Nous avons aussi démontré que la pré-stimulation par la CLUV améliore la réparation des CPD bien que le traitement CLUV induise des CPD résiduels. Cette augmentation de réparation est confirmée par l’augmentation du niveau de DDB2 et XPC au niveau de la chromatine, deux protéines essentielles dans la reconnaissance du dommage induit par les UV. Finalement, nos analyses confirment la persistance et la tolérance des CPD résiduels dans le génome s’accumulant préférentiellement dans l’hétérochromatine et semblent favoriser l’instabilité chromosomique. Ces données permettent de démontrer les conséquences d’un conditionnement cellulaire sur la modulation de différents mécanismes cellulaires, apportant indéniablement un apport dans la compréhension de la néoplasie induite par les UV. / Ultraviolet (UV) solar exposure is a risk factor for humans since they are responsible for skin cancer induction. UV is a genotoxic agent compromising DNA integrity, resulting in modifications of its structure by pyrimidine dimerization. This dimerization induces conformational changes, which are the consequence of DNA distortion. The two main types of UV-induced DNA damage are the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and the 6-4 pyrimidine pyrimidone (6-4 PP). Both are involved in mutagenesis by the induction of signature mutations found in cutaneous cancers. Therefore, it is important to understand the fate of these damage and their consequences on the genome. However, cells have protection mechanisms to eliminate damage before their conversion into mutations. These mechanisms allow the activation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR) in order to detect and signal the damage using the appropriate signalling pathway. Depending on the severity and the amount of DNA damage, cells will repair them or simply eliminate the cell with damaged DNA using the appropriate cell death pathway. While the activation and cellular consequences of these pathways has been well studied after a single UV dose, in real life, we are more exposed to repeated chronic low UV doses (CLUV). Likewise, we do not know the influence of cell conditioning on the different DDR responses, i.e., are cells able to improve their cellular stress response after a pre-stimulation by a CLUV? Thus, we have studied the differences in the activation and regulation of the DDR pathway after a single UV irradiation, a CLUV treatment, and a pre-stimulation by the CLUV treatment followed by a single UV irradiation. We have analyzed more extensively the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, which is activated after UV-induced DNA damage. First, we have developed a chronic irradiation protocol to study its impact on the main DDR mechanisms but also to understand the potential changes induced by such a treatment. Our results demonstrate that CLUV differently affects cell cycle and NER compared to a single UV dose. Furthermore, CLUV induces both transcriptomic and proteomic changes, highlighting the importance to determine the consequences associated with a CLUV irradiation. Our results confirm that the DDR response can be modulated depending on the type of UV protocol used. Subsequently, we were particularly interested in the NER pathway, which is the main mechanism activated after the damage signalling. We have shown that the CLUV treatment induced CPD that are not repaired, but that CLUV pre-stimulation improve the NER efficiency of newly formed CPD which is up to 6 times faster compared to cells receiving only a single UV dose. We then studied the protein levels of DDB2 and XPC, two proteins involved in the DNA damage recognition in the NER pathway. We have quantified their regulation following a CLUV treatment. Our analysis shows that DDB2 and XPC are 2 to 3 times more abundant at the chromatin after a CLUV treatment, suggesting an adaptive potential of the NER pathway. Finally, the consequences of the residual CPD induced by the CLUV treatment have been studied and our analysis shows that they are tolerated in the genome since cells are able to divide even in their presence. These residuals damage are preferentially found at heterochromatin level and at the TT dipyrimidine site, but seem to promote chromosomal instability as we found an increase of sister chromatid exchange. Our results shed some light of key element regarding cell conditioning by the CLUV treatment as well as the potential adaptive cellular mechanisms involved. Finally, this thesis brings new information in the understanding and the modulation of the DDR pathway according to the use of UV regimen.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:LAVAL/oai:corpus.ulaval.ca:20.500.11794/27867 |
| Date | 24 April 2018 |
| Creators | Drigeard Desgarnier, Marie Catherine |
| Contributors | Rochette, Patrick J. |
| Source Sets | Université Laval |
| Language | French |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | thèse de doctorat, COAR1_1::Texte::Thèse::Thèse de doctorat |
| Format | 1 ressource en ligne (xxvii, 276 pages), application/pdf |
| Rights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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