Background and Objectives: The foot comprises of active contractile and passive connective
tissue components, which help maintain stability and facilitate movement during gait. The role of
age- or pathology-related degeneration and the presence of fat within muscles in foot function and
pain remains unclear. The existence of fat has to date not been quantified or compared between
individuals according to age, sex, side or subregion. Materials and Methods: 18 cadaveric feet (mean
age 79 years) were sectioned sagittally and photographed bilaterally. Fat in the plantar muscular
space of the foot (PMSF) was quantified through the previously validated manual fat quantification
method, which involved observing photographs of each section and identifying regions using OsiriX.
Fat volume and percentage was calculated using a modified Cavalieri’s method. Results: All feet
had fat located within the PMSF, averaging 25.8% (range, 16.5–39.4%) of the total PMSF volume.
The presence of fat was further confirmed with plastination and confocal microscopy. Conclusions:
These findings suggest that fat within the PMSF is a consistent but highly variable finding in elderly
cohorts. Fat within the foot muscles may need to be considered a norm when comparing healthy
and non-healthy subjects, and for therapeutic interventions to the foot. Further work is required to
understand in detail the morphological and mechanical presence of fat in the foot, and compare these
findings with pathological cohorts, such as sarcopenia. Additionally, future work should investigate
if fat may compensate for the degeneration of the intrinsic muscles of the foot, with implications for
both the use of orthotics and pain management.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:DRESDEN/oai:qucosa:de:qucosa:89180 |
| Date | 22 January 2024 |
| Creators | Tomlinson, Joanna, Klima, Stefan, Poilliot, Amelie, Zwirner, Johann, Hammer, Niels |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Source Sets | Hochschulschriftenserver (HSSS) der SLUB Dresden |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, doc-type:article, info:eu-repo/semantics/article, doc-type:Text |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | 154 |
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