<p>The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere, in particular CO<sub>2</sub>, is changing the Earths climate. Accordingto the Kyoto protocol, where the international community agreedon binding emission targets, developed countries are committedto reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The increased use ofbiomass in energy systems is an important strategy to reduce CO<sub>2</sub>emissions. The purpose of this thesis has been toanalyse the opportunities for Sweden to further reduce CO<sub>2</sub>emissions in the energy system, by rationallyutilising woody biomass energy. The characteristics of currentcommercially operating biofuel-based CHP plants in Sweden aresurveyed and systematically presented. A consistent andtransparent comprehensive reference base for system comparisonsis given. Furthermore, the fuel effectiveness and contributionto CO<sub>2</sub>reduction is calculated. The governmentalsubsidies of the CHP plantsinvestment, expressed as costof specific CO<sub>2</sub>reduction, appears to be low.</p><p>The competitiveness of biomass-fuelled energy production inrelation to fossil-based production with carbon capture isanalysed, showing that the biomass-fuelled systems provide acompetitive option, in terms of cost of electricity andefficiencies. The remaining Swedish woody biofuel potential ofat least 100 PJ/yr is principally available in regions with abiomass surplus. Transportation is therefore required to enableits utilisation in a further national and international market.Refining the biofuel feedstock to pellets, or even furtherrefining to motor fuels (DME, methanol or ethanol) or power,could facilitate this transport. Different options for fuelrefining are studied and compared. The entire fuel chain, fromfuel feedstock to end users, is considered and CO<sub>2</sub>emissions are quantified. Substituting fuelpellets for coal appears to be the most costeffectivealternative and shows the largest CO<sub>2</sub>reduction per energy unit biofuel. Motor fuelsappear more costly and give about half the CO<sub>2</sub>reduction. Transportation of the upgraded biofuelpellets is highly feasible from CO<sub>2</sub>emissions point of view and does not constitute ahindrance for further utilisation, i.e. the pellets can betransported over long distances efficiently with only limitedemissions of CO<sub>2</sub>.</p><p>Bioenergy utilisation has additional features forenvironmental improvement, apart from the CO<sub>2</sub>aspect. Waste heat from biofuel-based CHP can becost-effectively used in conjunction with sewage treatment. Theincoming sewage water to the nitrification process can bepreheated with the waste heat, and thereby substantiallyenhance the nitrification and the reduction of ammoniumnitrogen during the winter season.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>CO<sub>2</sub>reduction, energy system, biofuel, CHP, refining,fuel pellets, ethanol, methanol, DME, fuel substitution, sewagewater, nitrification.</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:UPSALLA/oai:DiVA.org:kth-3490 |
| Date | January 2003 |
| Creators | Wahlund, Bertil |
| Publisher | KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, Stockholm : Kemiteknik |
| Source Sets | DiVA Archive at Upsalla University |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary, text |
| Relation | Trita-KET, 1104-3466 ; R174 |
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