nÃo hà / A infecÃÃo pelo HIV/aids em crianÃas vem sendo eliminada como problema de saÃde pÃblica em paÃses desenvolvidos, mas mantÃm elevada carga de morbimortalidade naqueles em desenvolvimento. O Brasil se destaca pela polÃtica consistente de controle, especialmente pela adoÃÃo universal/gratuita da HAART em 1996. Esta tese visa caracterizar padrÃes e tendÃncias de morbimortalidade e sobrevida em crianÃas com aids no paÃs. Foram estruturados dois blocos analÃticos: 1) estudos nacionais de morbimortalidade por aids em crianÃas, 2) estudos nacionais de sobrevida em crianÃas com aids. No primeiro bloco realizou-se estudo ecolÃgico do tipo sÃrie temporal (1984-2008) de casos (14.314) e Ãbitos (5.041) por aids no Brasil, regiÃes e grupos etÃrios (0-12 e 0-4 anos), baseado na anÃlise dos respectivos coeficientes por modelos de regressÃo polinomial, diferenÃa percentual e razÃes nas eras prÃ-HAART e HAART. Adicionalmente, realizou-se anÃlise de tendÃncia temporal (1999-2007) da mortalidade por causas mÃltiplas relacionadas à infecÃÃo pelo HIV/aids em crianÃas infectadas no Brasil (2.191/680.736) pela estimativa da razÃo de chances de mortalidade (MOR). No segundo bloco, realizou-se estudo de coorte retrospectiva, multicÃntrico-nacional, de sobrevida em crianÃas com aids (920 crianÃas, 1999-2002, atà 2007) e fatores associados, com anÃlise integrada ao primeiro estudo nacional (914 crianÃas, 1983-1998, atà 2002) para verificaÃÃo de tendÃncias de sobrevida e padrÃes de ocorrÃncia de diagnÃstico tardio e doenÃas definidoras de aids. Os resultados demonstram que o Brasil apresenta reduÃÃo da tendÃncia temporal da morbimortalidade da aids apÃs a adoÃÃo da HAART, mas com grandes desigualdades regionais. As regiÃes mais pobres do paÃs (Norte/Nordeste) apresentaram o pior cenÃrio para mortalidade (p<0,001), apesar da concentraÃÃo de casos e Ãbitos nas regiÃes mais desenvolvidas (Sul/Sudeste). Para a incidÃncia, o Nordeste evoluiu com estabilizaÃÃo (p<0,001); o Sul apresenta tendÃncia crescente para crianÃas 0-4 anos (p<0,001) e os maiores coeficientes do paÃs em ambos grupos etÃrios. O coeficiente de mortalidade por causas nÃo relacionadas ao HIV/aids entre 1999-2007 era estÃvel (0,08/100.000 habitantes). A MOR indica tendÃncia de crescimento destas causas entre 2000-2007 (1,18 versus 1,85), embora nÃo significativa (p=0,413); nÃo foi verificada tendÃncia de causas especÃficas neste grupo. A probabilidade de sobrevida em 60 meses foi de 0,88 (IC 95%: 0,86-0,91), com menor sobrevida para crianÃas com <1 ano (p=0,013), categoria C (p<0,001), doenÃas oportunistas (p<0,001) e sem TARV (p<0,001). Nos estudos nacionais, houve, respectivamente, 420 (46%) e 109 (11,8%) Ãbitos, com tendÃncia de ampliaÃÃo da sobrevida (p<0,001), variando de 0,20 (<1988) a 0,90 (2001-2002), e tambÃm pÃs-HAART (0,41 versus 0,84, p<0,001). Houve reduÃÃo do diagnÃstico tardio e de doenÃas definidoras em crianÃas nascidas (p=0,009 e p<0,001) e diagnosticadas pÃs-HAART (p=0,004 e p<0,001), com proporÃÃes ainda elevadas na segunda coorte (47,7% versus 36,1% e 80,7% versus 50,8%); doenÃas bacterianas e pneumocistose mantiveram importÃncia, com menor grau. Conclui-se que a morbimortalidade da aids em crianÃas no paÃs vem sendo reduzida, sobretudo pÃs-HAART. A sobrevida ampliou-se significativamente, tornando a aids uma condiÃÃo crÃnica, com desafios inerentes. Mas desigualdades regionais indicam implementaÃÃo diferenciada das aÃÃes, com pior cenÃrio nas regiÃes mais pobres, com aspectos ainda da era prÃ-HAART. Adicionalmente, o estudo revela questÃes importantes relacionadas à cobertura/qualidade da atenÃÃo à saÃde da mulher (em especial prÃ-natal e planejamento familiar) e Ãs crianÃas expostas/infectadas pelo HIV bem como à complexidade da dinÃmica de transmissÃo do HIV-1 no paÃs. / HIV/AIDS infection among children is in the process of being eliminated as a public health problem in high-income countries, but still maintains an elevated level of morbidity-mortality in developing nations. Brazil stands out for its consistent HIV/AIDS control policy, particularly its adoption of free and universal distribution of HAART in 1996. This thesis describes the patterns and trends of morbidity-mortality and survival in children with AIDS in Brazil. Two analytical groupings were formed: 1) national studies of AIDS morbidity-mortality in children, 2) national survival studies in children with AIDS. In the first group, an ecological time-series study was undertaken (1984-2008) on cases (14,314) and deaths (5,041) from AIDS in Brazil by region and age group (0-12 and 0-4 years), based on an analysis of the respective rates using polynomial regression, percentage differences and ratios in the pre-HAART and HAART eras. In addition, a temporal trend analysis was done (1999-2007) on mortality from the various causes related to HIV/AIDS infection in children in Brazil (2,191/680,736) using Mortality Odds Ratio (MOR). Among the second group, a multi-centric, national retrospective cohort study of survival of children with AIDS (920 children, 1999-2002, until 2007) and associated factors was conducted with integrated analysis of the first national study (914 children, 1983-1998, until 2002) for verification of survival trends and occurrence patterns of late diagnosis and AIDS-defining diseases. The results point to the fact that Brazil shows a reduction of AIDS morbidity and mortality after the implementation of HAART, but with large regional disparities. The poorest regions of the country (North/Northeast) showed the worst trend for mortality (p<0.001), despite the concentration of cases and deaths in the most developed regions (South/Southeast). In terms of incidence, evolution in the Northeast stabilized (p<0.001), whereas the South showed increasing trends for children aged 0-4 (p<0.001), with the highest national rates for both age groups. The mortality rate from causes not related to HIV/AIDS between 1999 and 2007 was stable (0.08/100,000 population). The MOR indicates an increasing trend of these causes from 2000-2007 (1.18 versus 1.85), although not statistically significant (p=0.413). A trend of specific causes was not identified in this group. The probability of survival at 60 months was 0.88 (CI 95%: 0.86-0.91), with the lowest survival rates among children <1 year of age (p=0.013), category C (p<0.001), opportunistic diseases (p<0.001) and without ART (p<0.001). In the national studies there were, respectively, 420 (46%) and 109 (11.8%) deaths, with a trend for increased survival (p<0.001), varying from 0.20 (<1988) to 0.90 (2001-2002) post-HAART (0.41 versus 0.84, p<0.001). There was a reduction in late diagnosis and AIDS-defining diseases in children born (p=0.009 and p<0.001) and diagnosed post-HAART (p=0.004 and p<0.001), though with elevated frequencies still seen in the second cohort (47.7% versus 36.1% and 80.7% versus 50.8%). Bacterial diseases and pneumocystosis remained important, but to a lesser degree. It is concluded that morbidity-mortality due to AIDS among Brazilian children has been declining, principally after the adoption of HAART. Survival increased significantly to the point of making AIDS a chronic condition with inherent challenges. However, there were regional inequalities with differences in the implementation of control activities, and worse conditions in the poorest regions, still showing characteristics of the pre-HAART era. In addition, the study reveals important issues related to coverage/quality of health care for women (particularly pre-natal care and family planning) and for children exposed to or infected with HIV, as well as to the dynamics of HIV-1 transmission in Brazil.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:www.teses.ufc.br:4875 |
| Date | 29 March 2011 |
| Creators | Alberto Novaes Ramos JÃnior |
| Contributors | Jorg Heukelbach |
| Publisher | Universidade Federal do CearÃ, Programa de PÃs-GraduaÃÃo em CiÃncias MÃdicas, UFC, BR |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFC, instname:Universidade Federal do Ceará, instacron:UFC |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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