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Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPQ / Rocky reef fish assemblages change along extreme environmental conditions gradients; both
spatial (across gradients of distance from the river mouths) and short term temporal (diel
cycle of light intensity). Moreover, changes in connection to habitat heterogeneity can occur,
even for tropical rocky reefs with a more homogenous habitat structure. Knowledge of the
way that fish assemblages respond to these changes is fundamental to identify the variables
that determine spatial patterns and to predict how impacts in great or low intensity can affect
diversity. The main aims of this study were: (1) to determine influence of physical (distance
from river mouth and wave exposure), biological (benthic cover) and structural (substratum
height and number of shelters) variables in structuring fish assemblages, species richness,
abundance, biomass and trophic groups diversity; (2) to assess diel changes in composition
and structure of fish assemblages; (3) to relate changes in species composition (beta diversity)
with habitat heterogeneity for a small scale (among transects in a given area), and the
relationship between beta and alfa diversity (species richness, richness estimation and
Shannon diversity). Subaquatic visual census were carried out in Ilha Grande coastal reefs,
encompassing (1) islands distributed along a spatial gradient of distance from river mouth; (2)
six different time periods, i.e., sunrise (06:00h), morning (08:30h), afternoon (14:00h), sunset
(17:30h), early night (19:30h) and night (21:00h) in two shallow coastal reef; and (3) in
transect in four areas to assess beta biodiversity. Habitat structure (benthic cover and
topographic complexity) assessment was performed (objectives 1 and 3). The distance from
river mouth explained from 12.4% to 38.2% of the estimated components of variation (ECV)
of PERMANOVA for all analyzed response variables, playing a major role in determining
spatial patterns of fish assemblages. Differences between reefs close and far from river mouth
reached a maximum of 4.5x for richness, 11x for biomass and 10x for abundance. The
substrate height was positively related to fish abundance, species richness and trophic groups
diversity (ECV between 7.3 % and 17.4%), whereas the number of shelters was positively
associated to small-sized species abundance such as Stegastes fuscus, Emblemariopsis
signifer and Scartella cristata. Benthic cover had significant influence to determine spatial
pattern in fish assemblage structure and diversity of trophic groups (ECV = 8% and 10%,
respectively), but not in species richness, biomass and fish abundance. Wave exposure had
significant influence on fish assemblage structure only (ECV = 10%). The fish assemblage
changes drastically along diel cycle. Species richness and fish abundance were at the highest
during the period of the day with intermediary values at twilight periods, and at the lowest
during the night. The highest difference in assemblage structure was found between the
periods of the day and the night. The families Sciaenidae, mainly represented by Pareques
acuminatus, and Pempheridae represented by Pempheris schomburgkii were more abundant
during the night, whereas Haemulidae Haemulon steindachneri, Pomacentridae Abudefduf
saxatilis, Chaetodondidae Chaetodon striatus, and Labrisomidae Malacoctenus delalandii
were more abundant during the day. The twilight periods were similar in assemblage
structure, and had as characteristics species of the day (H. steindachneri, M. acutirostris) and
the night (P. acuminatus), reflecting a transitional period. Significant positive relationship
was detected between habitat heterogeneity and beta diversity. The area with more
ix
homogeneous habitat and low variation in fish assemblage was dominated by little threedimensionally
complex organisms (zoanthids), while areas that had fleshy algae, turf and
zoanthids with a more even percentage cover had higher heterogeneity and beta diversity. For
all measures of examined alfa diversity, the area with more heterogeneous habitat and with
the highest beta diversity had the highest alfa diversity compared with areas with more
homogenous habitat e lowest beta diversity. However, positive relationship between alfa and
beta diversity was significant for species richness, but not for estimate of richness and
Shannon index. This study demonstrated that changes in assemblages in spatial and short term
(from transects to 10 km, and diel cycle) scales may be attributed to changes in local habitat
structure, both composition of dominant benthic organisms and habitat heterogeneity and can
be associated to behavioral characteristics mainly related to strategies of food acquirement
and protection against predation / As assembleias de peixes recifais variam atrav?s de gradientes de mudan?as extremas nas
condi??es ambientais, tanto espaciais (ao longo de gradientes de dist?ncia da foz de rios)
quanto em escalas temporais curtas (ao longo do ciclo di?rio de intensidade luminosa). Al?m
disto, varia??es em resposta ao n?vel de heterogeneidade do habitat tamb?m podem ocorrer,
mesmo entre recifes rochosos situados fora de intensos gradientes ambientais. Entender como
as assembleias de peixes respondem a tais mudan?as ? fundamental para identificar vari?veis
determinantes dos padr?es espaciais e predizer como impactos de grande e pequena
intensidade podem afetar os padr?es de diversidade. Os principais objetivos deste estudo
foram: (1) determinar a influ?ncia de vari?veis f?sicas (dist?ncia da foz do rio e exposi??o a
ondas), biol?gicas (cobertura b?ntica) e estruturais (altura do substrato e n?mero de ref?gios)
na estrutura??o das assembleias de peixes, riqueza de esp?cies, abund?ncia, biomassa e
diversidade dos grupos tr?ficos; (2) avaliar as mudan?as ao longo do ciclo di?rio na
composi??o e estrutura da assembleia de peixes recifais; (3) relacionar a varia??o na
composi??o de esp?cies (beta diversidade) com a heterogeneidade do habitat, para uma
pequena escala (entre transectos de uma mesma ?rea), e as rela??es entre a beta diversidade e
medidas de diversidade alfa (riqueza de esp?cies, estimativa da riqueza e diversidade de
Shannon). Para tal, censos visuais subaqu?ticos foram realizados (1) em cost?es rochosos da
ba?a da Ilha Grande, em ilhas localizadas atrav?s de um gradiente de dist?ncia da foz de rios;
(2) em seis diferentes hor?rios, compreendendo o amanhecer (06:00h), manh? (08:30h), tarde
(14:00h), anoitecer (17:30h) e in?cio da noite (19:30h) e noite (21:00h) em dois recifes
rochosos rasos; e (3) em transectos de quatro ?reas para avaliar diversidade beta. Avalia??es
da estrutura do habitat (cobertura b?ntica e complexidade topogr?fica) foram realizadas (para
objetivos 1 e 3). A dist?ncia da foz do rio explicou entre 12,4% a 38,2% da estimativa dos
componentes de varia??o (ECV) da PERMANOVA de todas as vari?veis respostas analisadas,
desempenhando um papel principal nos padr?es espaciais da assembleia de peixes. Diferen?as
entre recifes pr?ximos e distantes da foz atingiram um m?ximo de at? 4,5x para a riqueza, 11x
para a biomassa e 10x para a abund?ncia. A altura do substrato foi positivamente relacionada
com a abund?ncia de peixes, riqueza de esp?cies e diversidade dos grupos tr?ficos (ECV entre
7,3% a 17,4%), enquanto o n?mero de ref?gios foi associado positivamente com a abund?ncia
de esp?cies de pequeno porte, como Stegastes fuscus, Emblemariopsis signifer e Scartella
cristata. O efeito da cobertura b?ntica foi significativo em determinar os padr?es espaciais da
estrutura da assembleia de peixes e da diversidade dos grupos tr?ficos (ECV = 8% e 10%,
respectivamente), por?m n?o foram observadas influ?ncias significativas da cobertura b?ntica
na riqueza de esp?cies, biomassa e abund?ncia. A exposi??o ?s ondas teve um efeito
significativo apenas para a estrutura da assembleia de peixes (ECV = 10%). As assembleias
de peixes variaram drasticamente ao longo do ciclo di?rio. A riqueza de esp?cies e a
abund?ncia de peixes foram maiores durante os hor?rios do dia, com valores intermedi?rios
nos hor?rios crepusculares e atingiram os menores valores durante a noite. Maiores diferen?as
na estrutura da assembleia foram observadas entre o per?odo diurno e noturno. Durante a
noite, as fam?lias Sciaenidae, representado por Pareques acuminatus, e Pempheridae
vii
representado por Pempheris schomburgkii foram mais abundantes, enquanto Haemulidae
Haemulon steindachneri, Pomacentridae Abudefduf saxatilis, Chaetodondidae Chaetodon
striatus, e Labrisomidae Malacoctenus delalandii foram abundantes durante o dia. Os
hor?rios crepusculares foram semelhantes entre si, sendo caracterizados por esp?cies tanto dos
hor?rios do dia (H. steindachneri, M. acutirostris) quanto da noite (P. acuminatus), refletindo
esse per?odo de transi??o. Rela??es positivas significativas foram detectadas entre a
heterogeneidade do habitat e a beta diversidade. A ?rea com habitat mais homog?neo e de
menor varia??o na composi??o da assembleia foi dominada por organismos
tridimensionalmente pouco complexos (zoant?deos), enquanto a ?reas que apresentaram algas
frondosas, matriz de algas epil?ticas (MAE) e zoant?deos com uma percentagem de cobertura
mais equitativa, tiveram a maior heterogeneidade do habitat e beta diversidade. Para todas as
medidas de diversidade alfa utilizadas, a ?rea com habitat mais heterog?neo e com maior beta
diversidade, apresentou uma diversidade alfa maior do que a ?rea com habitat mais
homog?neo e de menor beta diversidade. Entretanto, as rela??es positivas entre a beta
diversidade e a diversidade alfa foram significativas apenas para a riqueza de esp?cies, e n?o
para a estimativa da riqueza e a diversidade de Shannon. Este estudo demonstrou que
varia??es nas assembleias em escalas espaciais e temporais curtas (desde entre transectos at?
10 km, e ao longo do ciclo di?rio) podem ser atribu?das a mudan?as na estrutura dos habitats
locais, tanto na composi??o dos organismos bent?nicos dominantes quanto na
heterogeneidade do habitat e podem ser associadas a caracter?sticas comportamentais
principalmente associadas a estrat?gias de obten??o de alimento e prote??o contra preda??o
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:localhost:jspui/2485 |
| Date | 30 April 2013 |
| Creators | Neves, Leonardo Mitrano |
| Contributors | Ara?jo, Francisco Gerson, Francini-Filho, Ronaldo Bastos, Gibran, Fernando Zaniolo, Monteiro Neto, Cassiano, Coutinho, Ricardo |
| Publisher | Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Bilogia Animal, UFRRJ, Brasil, Instituto de Ci?ncias Biol?gicas |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ, instname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, instacron:UFRRJ |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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