BACKGROUND:Active HIV infection within the central nervous system (CNS) is confined primarily to microglia. The glial cell compartment acts as a viral reservoir behind the blood-brain barrier. It provides an additional roadblock to effective pharmacological treatment via expression of multiple drug efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein. HIV/AIDS patients frequently suffer bacterial and viral co-infections, leading to deregulation of glial cell function and release of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide.METHODS:To better define the role of inflammation in decreased HIV drug accumulation into CNS targets, accumulation of the antiretroviral saquinavir was examined in purified cultures of rodent microglia exposed to the prototypical inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide (LPS).RESULTS:3H]-Saquinavir accumulation by microglia was rapid, and was increased up to two-fold in the presence of the specific P-glycoprotein inhibitor, PSC833. After six or 24 hours of exposure to 10 ng/ml LPS, saquinavir accumulation was decreased by up to 45%. LPS did not directly inhibit saquinavir transport, and did not affect P-glycoprotein protein expression. LPS exposure did not alter RNA and/or protein expression of other transporters including multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and several solute carrier uptake transporters.CONCLUSIONS:The decrease in saquinavir accumulation in microglia following treatment with LPS is likely multi-factorial, since drug accumulation was attenuated by inhibitors of NF-kappabeta and the MEK1/2 pathway in the microglia cell line HAPI, and in primary microglia cultures from toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. These data provide new pharmacological insights into why microglia act as a difficult-to-treat viral sanctuary site.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:arizona.edu/oai:arizona.openrepository.com:10150/610193 |
| Date | January 2013 |
| Creators | Dallas, Shannon, Block, Michelle, Thompson, Deborah, Bonini, Marcelo, Ronaldson, Patrick, Bendayan, Reina, Miller, David |
| Contributors | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, VA, USA, Science and Technology Development, North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA |
| Publisher | BioMed Central |
| Source Sets | University of Arizona |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Article |
| Rights | © 2013 Dallas et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) |
| Relation | http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/10/1/58 |
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