À travers la longue et complexe odyssée que traverse l'artiste, depuis la culture grecque antique jusqu'à nous, son atelier se révèle bien plus qu'un espace de travail. S'il est l'endroit où sont réalisées les images religieuses et politiques qui permettent à l'artiste de se distinguer de l'artisan, l?atelier, installé à proximité des cours royales ou du Vatican, devient un indice certes artistique, mais surtout social de son inscription dans la ville et dans la société. L'expulsion des artistes académiciens de la Grande Galerie du Louvre, au début du XIXe siècle finit par libérer l'artiste de ses liens avec l'académie et contribue à l'inscrire différemment dans la ville. Contrainte de s'installer « en ville », l'élite artistique se regroupe dans les quartiers habités par la bourgeoisie d'affaires. Les grands travaux de transformation que le baron Haussmann impose à Paris, déplace les plus démunis de sa population dont les artistes non reconnus. Tandis que la capitale ne cesse d'attirer les artistes étrangers. À la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, Montmartre et Montparnasse, récemment rattachés à la capitale, concentrent la vie artistique dans des cités improvisées. Inspirée des initiatives philanthropiques menées à l'égard des ouvriers, la Ville de Paris construit à ses portes des logements sociaux destinées aux employés et aux ouvriers entre les deux guerres. La politique de solidarité s'étend aux peintres et aux sculpteurs et elle est renforcée par l'action que le ministère des Affaires Culturelles engage dans les années 1960 auprès des artistes. Cette politique manifeste l'action de l'État-providence en faveur des artistes. La construction d'ateliers-logements dans les nombreux programmes de logements sociaux participe à la rénovation de Paris et de sa banlieue. L'atelier-logement, impliqué dans la ville devient un support de reconnaissance sociale de l'artiste professionnel. / Throughout the long and complex odyssey the artist has been traversing from the times of Ancient Greece to the present day his studio has been much more than just a site for work. If for a certain time it had been the place where images for religious and political practices were created allowing the artist to distinguish himself from the craftsman, his studio, located in the proximity of the royal courts or of the Vatican, had become a token of artistic activity but above all of his membership as a citizen of the township and of the society. When in early 19th century the artists, members of the Academy, were expelled from the Grand Gallery of Louvre it signified for them a liberation of their ties with the Academy and opened a new way to be part of the urban milieu. As a consequence, the artists had to settle «in town« the elite of them choosing to find foothold in the neighbourhoods inhabited by the bourgeoisie of business activities. The less fortunate popular strata, including the unrecognized artists, had to move away from the massive transformations of the urban infrastructure imposed by baron Haussman on the city of Paris. At the same time, Paris continued to attract artists from abroad. At the end of the 19th and in the beginning of the 20th century, the newly attached Montmartre and Montparnasse became the favoured neighbourhoods gathering artists living in improvised quarters. Inspired by the philanthropic initiatives benefiting the working population, the City of Paris started constructing between the wars social lodgings for employees and workers at the city's gates. This activity marked by solidarity was extended to include also painters and sculptors. It received new momentum in the 1960's by the Ministry of Culture in form of the actions it undertook in favour of artists. These activities were a concrete expression of the policy of the welfare state promoting the artists. In the housing renovation programmes in Paris and the nearby suburbs the construction of residential studios for artists was included in numerous social housing projects. A residential studio in the urban context became a basis of recognition for the professional artist.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:theses.fr/2011NAN21019 |
| Date | 16 November 2011 |
| Creators | Billier, Dominique |
| Contributors | Nancy 2, Stébé, Jean-Marc |
| Source Sets | Dépôt national des thèses électroniques françaises |
| Language | French |
| Detected Language | French |
| Type | Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, Text |
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