在日常對話中，通常一次只有一個人說話，然而，卻常常發現有不只一個談話者同時說話的情形。這種違反常規的重疊現象(overlappings)可分為疊話(overlaps)跟插話(interruptions)。大部份的學者依據句法結構或音韻觀點來區分疊話跟插話，似仍有遺漏，故本篇論文嘗試依據插話的語意內容來區分這兩種重疊現象，又本文的重點是放在插話的研究，作者試從語法角色(grammatical roles)、順序(linear order)、語用功能、及社會因素來探討插話者如何成功的襲奪被插話者的說話權利。
本篇論文的語料採自十一個雙人面對面的日常對話，其中男生和男生的對話其三份，女生和女生的對話以及男女之間的對話各四份。此分類方式是基於觀察交談者之間性別的異同所帶來的權力(power)以及等同性(solidarity)是否會影響插話的頻率、位置、和語用功能的分配。在語料中將區分所有疊話和插話，同時標記語用功能，及插話者和被插話的性別以便於做統計分析。
本篇論文發現插話現象主要是受順序先後的影響，百分之八十的插話發生在前5到8個位置，且這些位置不受特殊語法角色的限制，此外，插話通常發生在詞組外而非在詞組內。至於插話的語用功能，以做澄清功能(clarification)為最多，反對功能(disagreement)次之，確認功能(confirmation)最少。而單就插話者的性別而言，女生所引發的插話頻率跟男生相近，這可能是由於女生的高教育背景，使女生有獨立思考的能力、較高的社會地位，與充分的發言權，再加上過於強調男女平權，使女生的插話頻率提高。而在考慮插話者與被插話者的性別方面，的確發現了權力的影響力，男生打岔女生的頻率確實高於女生打岔男生的頻率，但兩者差距不大，一方面可能是男生為要表現社會禮儀以示對女生的尊重，另一方面可能是漠視女生的知識能力而不與之爭辯，故其打岔的頻率不如預期的高。
在高教育背景的影響之下，女生開始要求男女平等，進而嘗試跳脫中國傳統性別角色的限制。於是，女生和男生的插話行為將因性別限制的解除而趨於一致。 / Transition of turn in daily conversation is not always rule-governed. Violation of turn-taking rules may result in overlapping, which includes overlap and interruption. Differentiation of the two by syntactic and phonological criteria may sometimes fail. To remedy the problem, it is suggested that the communicative purpose of overlapping should be taken into consideration. That is, if the overlapping evokes cooperation, it should be counted as overlap; if it entails antagonism and competition, it should be judged as interruption. The focus of this study is to find out how syntactic structure, timing, pragmatic functions, and social constraints influence the emergence of interruption.
The data needed in this study were collected from eleven dyadic face to face daily conversations, including three male-male conversations, four female-female conversations, and four male-female conversations. In each conversation, interruptions are identified and categorized by their pragmatic functions and by the interrupter's and interruptee's gender.
The results of this study indicates that timing is more influential to the occurrence of interruption than the grammatical roles of the syntactic sites in which interruptions take place. It is found that about 80% of interruption occurs in the first eight positions in sentences with transitive verbs and the first five positions in sentences with intransitive verbs. In these positions, grammatical roles of all kinds may appear. In addition, interruptions are found to occur more frequently on syntactic junctures than within syntactic constituents.
As to pragmatic functions of interruptions, there is a priority order among three of the pragmatic functions that interruptions serve, with interruption for clarification overrides interruption for disagreement, which suppresses interruption for confirmation.
As for the social constraints on interruption, first, females, unexpectedly, interrupt their interlocutors as frequently as males do. Promotion of social-economic status through education and emergence of self-confidence are offered to explain why women initiate many interruptions. On the other hand, superficial courtesy and man chauvinism are provided to explain why men interrupt less often than expected. Next, when both the interrupter's and the interruptee's genders are taken into consideration, the influence of power is revealed only in cross gender conversation, with males' interrupting females more than their being interrupted by females. On the surface, both men and women interrupt their interlocutors. However, underlyingly, men interrupt to show power to control, while women interrupt to show power to resist control. It seems that men, in Chinese society, are still the dominating sex.
It is predicted that the power difference between men and women will be alleviated in the future. At that time, the two sexes will share the same patterns of interruptions.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/B2002002149 |
| Creators | 王秀如, Wang, Hsiu-Ju |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 英文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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