本論文從利益的觀點切入，研究冷戰後日本與非洲關係。透過國內因素、國際因素及國際建制三方面，研究日本對非洲政策的改變，及追求的國家利益改變。。日本與非洲交往主要在獲得兩種利益，一是政治利益，一是經濟利益，政治利益為國際威望和入常機會；經濟利益則定義為確保能源、礦產和取得海外商業發展。冷戰期間日本對非洲僅存在著經濟利益的追求，1993年第一屆東京國際非洲發展會議(Tokyo International Conference on African Development, TICAD)的召開，則代表著日本開始追求政治利益。
從國內政治權力來看，1993年的東京國際非洲發展會議，其實是外務省為了順應國際非洲援助熱潮和提升官僚地位的手段之一。90年代無論日本財界、大藏省、經濟產業省及自民黨竹下派都以亞洲為中心，態度消極，故外務省僅能提倡「南南協力」來加強日非間的經濟利益。TICAD只能說是外務省獨立運作的會議，僅能以增加無償援助和技術援助的方式，加強日非關係。2001年森喜朗(Yoshiro Mori)和小泉純一郎(Ichiro Koizumi)等為首的清和政策研究會(簡稱清和研)，勢力正式上升後，「官邸領導」的政治模式出現，首相個人重視非洲政策，於是外務省的權力也藉此勝出，舉凡大使館、JICA辦事處等數目都增加。尤其北非埃及、南非和東非衣索比亞對日本來說，政治意義特別重要。
2005年聯合國爭常失敗後，檢討過發現非洲國家日本正視到若要取得政治利益，必須加強非洲關係，於是追求政治利益開始優先經濟利益。首先從ODA分配就能發現，即使ODA預算持續減少，也未影響到非洲地區得到的分配比例，受到排擠的卻是以往日本重視的亞洲地區。另一方面，21世紀後非洲經濟成長快速，經濟成長率平均6%，財界開始對非洲發生興趣，過去「經濟大國」路線，經濟產業省追求經濟利益掛帥的經濟外交，再度出現。在貿易方面，雖然日非間的貿易型態改變不大，但2001年起，對非洲貿易就一直保持赤字，顯示日本較依賴非洲的商品。在投資方面，日本企業也逐漸增加非洲投資，除了基礎建設，服務及金融等非製造業的投資趨勢也取代以往著重製造業投資的趨勢。在援助方面，東部非洲是日本援助的重點區域，而2013年12月因為伊波拉病毒(Ebola virus)影響，日本增加對西非的援助，顯示政治利益仍然優先經濟利益。
最後，由TICAD觀察，發現在聯合國援助體制中，日本由制度追隨者逐漸成為領導者，日非正創造共同的經濟利益，但日本能否藉此創造共同的政治利益則不明朗。 / This study examines the relations between Japan and Africa in the post-Cold War era with points of profits. The author explores domestic implementation of international aid regimes in Japan to find how Japan’s policy towards Africa and its pursuited state profits have changed. Japan’s engagement with Africa mainly focuses on the pursuit of two profits. The political one is status of superpower and its bid to a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; the economic one is the energy /resource security and its overseas business expansion. During the Cold War, Japan only pursued economic profits from Africa utill the opening of Tokyo International Conference on African Development, TICAD I in 1993, a symbol of political profits pursuing.
The MOFA set up TICAD I as a forum to follow the international issues, solving African problems while maintaining its power among other departments. In 1990s, TICADs, held by the MOFA alone, provided aid and technical assistance to maintain Japan-Africa partnership. The MOFA also promoted the South-South Cooperration to gain economic profits while businessmen, beaurocrats in the MOF and the METI as well as the FDP politicians were Asia-centric and uninterested in Africa. When SEIWAKEN, led by Ichiro Koizumi, got strong in 2001, a politician-led government was formed. Whenever the prime minister turned his attention towards Africa, the power of the MOFA outweighs others, as the number of ambassadors and JICA offices in Africa increased. Some African countries, like Egypt, South Africa and Ethiopia are politically important to Japan.
Failure to bid for a permanent seat on the UNSC in 2005 made Japan realize that it should stengthen its partnership with Africa if it tries to gain political profits. Political profits became Japan’s priority. First, the ODA allocation showed that, compared to decreasing one in Asia, the share in Africa has never decreased even though the budget is shrinking on the whole. On the contrary, Economy in Africa is soaring with an average of 6% since the 21st centur, which attracts business investments. Economic Giant Policy which the METI once promoted to pursue economic profits came to life again. The trade pattern between Japan and Africa doesn’t change much; however, Japan relies on Africa’s resource for sure since its trade with Africa became deficit in 2001. Japan’s FDI to Africa grow. Investments in non-manufacture like fundamentals, service and financial industry are much more than those in manufacture. Besides, Japan’s humanitarian aid increase in Western Africa also shows its priority in political profits. Until the Ebola virus offbreak in December 2013, Japan’s most foreign aid was sent to Eastern Africa.
It can be concluded from the TICADs that Japan is transcending from follower to a leader in United Nations aid regime. Japan and Africa are economically beneficial. However, it is not clear if they will be politically beneficial profits in the future.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0101253025 |
| Creators | 林秀鳳, Lin, Hsiu-Feng |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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