本論文研究材料為佛教經典中與文殊菩薩相關論述的典籍，研究之主題為不二中道之義理思想，並就生命境界的提升與轉化為焦點，呈顯不二中道思想對生命問題的實踐。
佛教經典中與文殊菩薩有關的經典數量非常多，為了對文殊法門能整體地掌握，因此首先將大乘佛典中文殊菩薩的相關典籍及其同本異譯作全盤地整理，並且從中探究文殊菩薩在佛教經典中所扮演的角色。
文殊菩薩在大乘經典中出現得很早，他所顯現的身分也很特殊，一方面他是十地菩薩，另一方面他因為智慧第一而堪為諸佛之引導者，是過去、現在、未來諸佛之「佛母」，然而文殊菩薩又以「童真菩薩」的樣貌實踐菩薩道。另外，他也是菩提道上淳熟的修行者，能入聖道，能入出菩薩「正性離生」，並且已經決定不退墮。在禪定方面，他已久修三昧，是甚深三昧的實證者。再者，文殊菩薩身具超越二元對立的圓滿智慧，能「達無礙智慧彼岸」，具有「超越智慧的完成」，也是智與行融合的實踐者。
「文殊法門」的內容是以空義為基礎，以不二中道思想為主軸，意指為不落入於任何的極端，捨離二邊，又不執著於二邊，是一種不偏於任何一方的觀點或方法。「不二」是依於法性平等的原則而突破認知所形成的框架，進而讓每個生命體放捨因對立所造成分離、孤立、二元的主觀評價，以中道的角度面對各種問題，避免讓個體生命落入一般認知的苦樂、迷悟、生死、聖凡等二元對立中，超越「分別」所造成的侷限，並且朝向更廣闊的生命視野。
本文並藉由經典中的例示闡述不二法門的實踐面向，說明超越二元對立的中道思想可以在面對人、事、物時，提供另一種適切的行為態度，避免陷入極端的對立狀態。不二法門對於生命困頓的問題正好能提供更開闊的思維角度，因此阿闍世王有機會可以跳脫罪惡感的枷鎖；娼妓金色女能轉化生命中受到貪欲煩惱所困擾的瓶頸；惡魔波旬也有可能得以超越心靈「束縛」與「解脫」的兩邊。
文殊類經典中所提出的例示，正顯示著不二法門對各種不同社會階層的生命關懷，是具有普遍性及平等性。這種關懷表面上看來是針對經典中的人物，然而事實上這正是經典向讀經者傳達著對生命體的關懷，期望所有的生命個體面對生命困頓的境界時，能在有限與無限的掙扎中超脫，使生命的寬廣度更向上開拓。 / This thesis utilizes and explores the Mañjuśrī scriptures, which discuss the doctrine of “non-duality”, and which are associated with the concept of the “Middle Way”. It is the purpose of this thesis to explore “the dharma-door of non-duality” (advaya-dharma- paryāya / mukha). The method adopted by Mañjuśrī, especially so, the focus on the study of sentient beings practicing “non-duality” to overcome the difficulties in life, is central to this study.
To fully comprehend the Mahāyāna scriptures which expound on the subject of Mañjuśrī, this thesis studies and compares many textual sources, including the sutra itself, which has been translated by different translators spanning many different periods of history. In the Mahāyāna scriptures, Mañjuśrī appears very early, and plays an important role in inspiring aspirant Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in cultivating the “Bodhi-Mind”. On one hand, Mañjuśrī plays the role of a Bodhisattva, and on the other hand, he is the supervisor of all Buddhas in the past, the present, and the future. As the embodiment of the perfection of wisdom, Mañjuśrī, out of great compassion, devotes himself to support and assist all sentient beings in overcoming obstacles, and does this systematically by preaching the doctrine of non-duality.
The dharma-door of Mañjuśrī, non-duality, is a method of attaining the Middle Way, based on emptiness (wunyata). The Mañjuśrī scriptures elucidate the concept of the “Middle Way” by means of transforming erroneous dichotomous cognition into the cognitive state of non-duality. To illustrate the theme of practicing non-duality, I will give three concrete illustrations of how king Ajatawatru applied non-duality to solving the paradoxes of guilt and guiltlessness. For example, how did a prostitute make use of non-duality to transcend the conflicting natures of greed and purity, and how did the demon utilize the actuality of the “Middle Way” to overcome the contradiction between mental restraint and unrestrained conceptualization? In brief, this study examines the main idea of the Mañjuśrī scriptures depicting non-duality, which can help sentient beings free themselves from dilemma. In other words, the Mañjuśrī scriptures take non-duality as a guideline to concern all kind of living beings in different social conditions.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0911560131 |
| Creators | 陳渝菁, Chen, Yu-Jing |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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