Describing historical accounts of Canadian Nikkei1 experience, historian Midge (Michiko)
Ayukawa (1996) writes that these accounts represent "history in the passive voice, and that it is
necessary to retell it with the eyes and ears of the people who were directly involved" (3). For
Nikkei women, "history in the passive voice" has either completely overlooked their experiences
or narrowly defined their social role in terms of domesticity and submission to a patriarchal
authority. The dominant image of the Japanese Canadian woman has been that of the "good
wife, wise mother" (Ayukawa 1995). This ideal image of womanhood emerged as a component
in the dramatic processes of social reform in Meiji Japan (1868-1912). Both Caucasian and
Nikkei historians have sustained the power of this mythical image by characterizing those
experiences that exceed its conceptual boundaries as merely idiosyncratic. Simultaneously,
however, Nikkei women have been weaving narratives of their history which both duplicate and
subvert this image of quiet domesticity.
This study contrasts processes of identity formation in twentieth-century writing by and
about Canadian Nikkei women. I approach these narratives by first analyzing the categories of
race, class, ethnicity, culture, and gender that historians, anthropologists, literary theorists, and
theorists of ethnicity have constructed in order to interpret and contain them. I then examine
how the narratives engage with three dominant discourses of being, namely those concerned
with food, sexuality, and the transmission of culture.
For several reasons, I treat this body of writing from an interdisciplinary and multi-theoretical
perspective. My sources include published and unpublished texts from a variety of
disciplines, including anthropology, history, literature, and geography. These texts embrace a
wide range of genres, among them fiction, poetry, autobiography, the essay, the journal, the
letter, so-called conventional scholarship, and responses to an ethnograhic questionnaire that I
have collected. The texts are also informed by both Japanese and "western"2 cultural ideas and practices, and sometimes by several additional cultural influences. Their writers create a
complex interrelation of textual identities which invites a range of disciplinary and theoretical
perspectives. Thus I examine the texts by engaging with a number of theories, including
deconstructive postmodernism, deconstructive feminism, feminist anthropology, feminist history,
and close textual analysis.
I base this study on the theoretical premise that to treat narratives of experience
rigorously, the researcher must regard the texts as both objects of study and authoritative
critical voices (Cole and Phillips 1995; Chow 1993; Trinh 1989; Clifford and Marcus 1986).
Therefore, I look to writing by Nikkei women for its reflections on Nikkei women's experiences,
but also for guidance in interpreting the texts under study. As well, I read these texts for their
critical comment on the conceptual categories that conventional scholarship has used to
manage the unruliness and ambiguity of Nikkei women's narratives and experience. By
welcoming the categorically disruptive, my analysis offers a theoretical perspective that may
help to ensure a creative interrelation of theory and praxis.
[Footnotes] 1 "Nikkei" are individuals of Japanese descent living outside of Japan.
2 Some researchers favour the upper case "Western" to describe North American and European
theoretical traditions across disciplines (Mennell 1985). I include in the category of "western" all those ideas that become a body of thought as they are used to distinguish them from "eastern" or "oriental."
With the success of European and American imperialist projects from the nineteenth century to the
present, this "setting-off against the Orient," as Said calls it (Orientalism 3), exceeds national boundaries.
One can say, then, that there are critics of Japanese ancestry, residing in Japan and elsewhere, who
write from a western point of view. Thus, I depend on the lower-case "western," to emphasize the
constructed nature of western ideology, as opposed to the stricter geographical or political connotations
suggested by the proper noun.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:LACETR/oai:collectionscanada.gc.ca:BVAU.2429/9486 |
| Date | 11 1900 |
| Creators | Iwama, Marilyn Joy |
| Source Sets | Library and Archives Canada ETDs Repository / Centre d'archives des thèses électroniques de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Electronic Thesis or Dissertation |
| Relation | UBC Retrospective Theses Digitization Project [http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/retro_theses/] |
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