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Previous issue date: 2015-12-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Many world hotspots for conservation are located in mountains, which are considered priority
areas for preservation of plants and vertebrates species. Species that occur in these locations
have functional traits that favor the colonization of forests in high areas. Furthermore, we know
little about the biology of these species along elevational gradients, for example, reproductive
rate. Thus, the objectives of this thesis were divided into two sections, namely: (1) verify how
the species and the different Phyllostomidae guilds vary in richness along an altitudinal gradient
and identify the functional traits that facilitate the colonization of forests in high areas, and (2)
determine if the reproductive rate of fruit bats Phyllostomidae varies locally and if this variation
can be explained by local responses to variations in the abundance of resources. For this, we
compiled studies in the Atlantic Forest of southern and southeastern Brazil through database
(Capes bank of thesis; Scielo; Web of Science), journals and the database of Laborat?rio de
Diversidade de Morcegos (LADIM) of Instituto de Biologia of Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). After the selection of 35 different species of Phyllostomidae bats of
45 different locations, where the altitude varies between 60 and 2.450 m.a.s.l., 10 functional
traits for each species were selected: trophic guild (GT), trophic level (NT), relative wing load
(CRA), aspect ratio (AA), degree requirement forest habitat (GEHF), using natural cavities
(UCN), southern latitudinal limit (LLS), body mass (MC), forearm size (TA) and body size
(TC). The selected functional traits were related to an altitudinal index, calculated for each
species, and those with greater correlation were chosen to be the best model to describe and
determine the main functional traits that lead the species to colonize forests in high areas.
Furthermore, we considered species with over 300 captures (Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira
lilium e Artibeus spp.) to verify the effect of altitude on their reproductive rate. We found that
there was a decline in the abundance and richness of Phyllostomidae species in high altitudes,
with a decline in the abundance of fruit bats and increase of hematophagous species. The
nectarivorous bats, gleaners and omnivore bats were not affected by altitude. The results also
indicated that the forest habitat requirements degree was the main functional trait that leads the
species to colonize forests in high areas, and the use of natural cavities and southern latitudinal
limit could be relevant to colonize. All bat species had a higher reproductive rate in months of
major rainfall (October to March). Sturnira lilium was the species that has the highest
reproductive rate in high altitudes, which coincides with the area where there is a greater wealth
and abundance of Solanum sp. Artibeus sp. had a higher reproductive rate in medium and low
altitudes, where there is a greater richness of Ficus species and Carollia perspicillata showed
no altitudinal preference for reproduction. At the areas with larger bat abundance, more
reproducing females were observed, as these sites appear to have a higher amount of resources.
The conservation of the whole altitudinal gradient with the possible implementation of
conservation units is necessary, because bat species occur in greater abundance at different
altitudes and reproduce at different altitudes. / Em ?reas montanhosas localizam-se muitos hotspots mundiais para conserva??o, sendo que
esses locais s?o considerados ?reas priorit?rias para preserva??o de esp?cies de plantas e
vertebrados. Esp?cies que ocorrem nesses locais possuem tra?os funcionais que propiciam a
coloniza??o de florestas em ?reas elevadas. Al?m disso, pouco ? conhecido sobre a biologia
dessas esp?cies em gradientes altitudinais, como por exemplo sua taxa reprodutiva. Sendo
assim, os objetivos da presente tese foram divididos em dois cap?tulos, sendo eles: (1) verificar
como as esp?cies e as diferentes guildas de Phyllostomidae variam ao longo de um gradiente
altitudinal e identificar que tra?os funcionais facilitam a coloniza??o de florestas em ?reas
elevadas e (2) determinar se a taxa reprodutiva de morcegos Phyllostomidae frug?voros varia
localmente e se esta varia??o pode ser explicada pelas respostas locais ? varia??o na abund?ncia
de recursos. Para isto, compilamos estudos realizados na Floresta Atl?ntica do sul e sudeste do
Brasil atrav?s de banco de dados (banco de teses da CAPES; Scielo; Web of Science), revistas
especializadas, e do banco de dados do Laborat?rio de Diversidade de Morcegos (LADIM) do
Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Ap?s a sele??o
de 35 diferentes esp?cies de morcegos Phyllostomidae de 45 diferentes localidades, onde a
altitude variou entre 60 e 2.450 m de altitude, selecionamos 10 tra?os funcionais para cada
esp?cie: guilda tr?fica (GT), n?vel tr?fico (NT), carga relativa da asa (CRA), aspecto da asa
(AA), grau de exig?ncia de habitat florestal (GEHF), utiliza??o de cavidades naturais (UCN),
limite latitudinal sul (LLS), massa corporal (MC), tamanho do antebra?o (TA) e tamanho
corporal (TC). Os tra?os funcionais selecionados foram relacionados com um ?ndice altitudinal,
representando a altitude em que a esp?cie ? mais abundante, e aqueles tra?os funcionais que
apresentaram maior correla??o foram submetidos a escolha de melhor modelo para descrever
quais foram os principais tra?os funcionais que levam as esp?cies a colonizarem florestas em
?reas elevadas. Al?m disso, consideramos as esp?cies com mais de 300 capturas (Carollia
perspicillata, Sturnira lilium e Artibeus spp.) para verificar o efeito da altitude sobre sua taxa
reprodutiva, relacionando a propor??o de animais em reprodu??o com a altitude. Encontramos
uma queda na abund?ncia e riqueza de esp?cies de Phyllostomidae em altitudes elevadas, com
queda na abund?ncia de frug?voros e aumento de esp?cies de h?bitos hemat?fagos. As guildas
de nectar?voros, catadores e on?voros n?o foram influenciadas pela altitude. Nossos resultados
tamb?m indicaram que o grau de exig?ncia de habitat florestal foi o principal tra?o funcional
que leva as esp?cies a colonizarem florestas em ?reas elevadas, sendo que a utiliza??o de
cavidades naturais e o limite latitudinal sul tamb?m podem ser relevantes para a coloniza??o.
Todas as esp?cies de morcegos apresentaram maior taxa reprodutiva nos meses em que
historicamente ocorrem maiores precipita??es (de outubro a mar?o). Sturnira lilium foi a
esp?cie que apresentou maior taxa reprodutiva em altitudes elevadas, sendo esta taxa
coincidente com a ?rea onde h? maior riqueza e abund?ncia de Solanum sp. Artibeus sp.
apresentou maior taxa reprodutiva em m?dias e baixas altitudes, locais onde h? maior riqueza
de esp?cies de Ficus e Carollia perspicillata n?o apresentou prefer?ncia altitudinal para a
reprodu??o. Naquelas localidades onde a abund?ncia de morcegos foi maior, mais f?meas
estavam reproduzindo-se, sendo que estes locais parecem ter maiores quantidades de recursos.
Mostra-se necess?rio a conserva??o de todo o gradiente altitudinal com a poss?vel implanta??o
de unidades de conserva??o, pois determinadas esp?cies de morcegos ocorrem em maior
abund?ncia em altitudes diferentes, al?m de se reproduzirem em altitudes diferentes
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:localhost:jspui/1395 |
| Date | 09 December 2015 |
| Creators | Carvalho, William Douglas de Carvalho |
| Contributors | Esb?rard, Carlos Eduardo Lustosa, Palmerim, Jorge M., Silva, Daniel de Brito C?ndido da, Grelle, Carlos Eduardo de Viveiros, Silva, H?lio Ricardo da, Ferreira , Ildemar |
| Publisher | Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Biologia Animal, UFRRJ, Brasil, Instituto de Ci?ncias Biol?gicas |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ, instname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, instacron:UFRRJ |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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