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Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / Neurotoxic agents, such as pesticides, organic solvents and metals, are capable to alter normal CNS activity. Manganese (Mn) is a metal found in the environment, which when in excess, accumulates in the CNS making it a potential hazard to health. In addition to Mn, other neurotoxic agents can cause changes, leading to deficits in neurotransmission systems. The growth of crop pests has exponentially increased the use of agrochemicals to maintain plantations. The fungicide tebuconazole is a triazole used in crops, such as barley, wheat, peanuts and orchard fruits and related to behavioral and oxidative changes. The insecticide dichlorvos, belongs to organophosphate family, acts through the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, leading to hyperstimulation of cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic system is characterized by the action of acetylcholine (ACh) on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The level of this molecule is regulated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which catalyzes degradation of ACh into choline and acetate. Purinergic system is characterized by the action of ATP and adenosine on purinoreceptor P2 and P1, respectively. The levels of these molecules are regulated by ectonucleotidases, which constitute the extracellular cascade for ATP hydrolysis to adenosine. Adenosine can be subsequently deaminated to inosine by action of adenosine deaminase (ADA). Dopamine (DA), synthesized from L-DOPA, is the neurotransmitter of the dopaminergic system and it acts through its D1-D5 receptors, controlling the start and execution of movement. This study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure to manganese and pesticides, such as dichlorvos and tebuconazole, on behavioral parameters in larval and adult zebrafish, as well as its effects on purinergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic signaling. Exposure to MnCl2 in the early stages of development (1 hpf - 5 dpf) was able to reduce the distance traveled, absolute turn angle and mobile time of the larvae at 5, 7 and 10 dpf. In addition, it caused an increase in TH levels at 5 and 7 dpf, followed by a reduction at 10 dpf. There was also an increase in markers of cell death. In adult animals, exposure during 96 hours caused a reduction in distance traveled, number of line crossings and absolute turn angle, and an inhibition on memory acquisition through the inhibitory avoidance task. In addition, adult animals exposed to MnCl2 showed increased levels of markers of cell death, TH and DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) in the brain. The 96-hour exposure to this metal was also able to inhibit the NTPDases and ecto-ADA activities and to reduce ADA2.1-mRNA transcripts, besides for increasing ADP levels and reducing the amount of AMP, ADO and INO in the incubation medium. Tebuconazole was able to increase the ocular distance of larvae at 5 dpf and reduce the exploratory behavior of these animals, and still decrease the locomotor activity of 96 hours exposed adult zebrafish. Moreover, this fungicide decreased AChE activity in both 5 dpf larvae and brains of adult animals. Exposure to dichlorvos (1 hpf - 7 dpf) reduced body length, heartbeat rate and larval surface at 7 dpf as well as affected the escape capacity of larvae at 7 and 14 dpf. Further, it reduced exploratory behavior at 7 and 14 dpf, maintaining this pattern when animals became young adults at 30 dpf, and adults at 70 dpf. However, the analysis performed at 120 dpf showed a recovery of behavioral activity equal to the control. In addition, the analysis of exposure to dichlorvos in the early stages of development at 120 dpf on the enzymes of the purinergic system, showed that this insecticide is able to elevate the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and reduce the ecto-ADA activity. The results showed that neurotoxic agents, such as Mn, dichlorvos and tebuconazole, play a role in the larval and adult behavior of zebrafish, and affect different neurotransmission systems. Such behavioral changes may be associated with the deficits observed in neurochemical and molecular mechanisms investigated. / Agentes neurot?xicos, tais como pesticidas, solventes org?nicos e metais, s?o capazes de alterar a atividade normal do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). O mangan?s (Mn) ? um metal encontrado no ambiente que, quando em excesso, acumula-se no SNC, tornando-se um perigo potencial para a sa?de. Al?m do Mn, outros agentes neurot?xicos podem causar altera??es, levando a d?ficits em sistemas de neurotransmiss?o. O crescimento de pragas de lavoura tem aumentado exponencialmente o uso de agrot?xicos para manuten??o de planta??es. O fungicida tebuconazol ? um triazol utilizado em culturas como a cevada, trigo, amendoim e frutas do pomar e relacionado com altera??es comportamentais e oxidativas. O inseticida dicl?rvos, pertence a fam?lia dos organofosforados atuando atrav?s da inibi??o da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), que leva ? hiperestimula??o dos receptores colin?rgicos. O sistema colin?rgico ? caracterizado pela a??o da acetilcolina (ACh) nos receptores muscar?nicos e nicot?nicos. O n?vel dessa mol?cula ? regulado pela acetilcolinesterase (AChE), que catalisa a degrada??o da ACh em colina e acetato. O sistema purin?rgico ? caracterizado pela a??o do ATP e adenosina (ADO) nos purinoreceptores P2 e P1, respectivamente. Os n?veis dessas mol?culas s?o regulados pela a??o das ectonucleotidases que catalisam a hidr?lise do ATP a adenosina (ADO). A ADO pode ser desaminada a inosina (INO) pela a??o da adenosina desaminase (ADA). A dopamina (DA), sintetizada a partir da L-DOPA, ? o neurotransmissor do sistema dopamin?rgico e age atrav?s dos seus receptores D1-D5, controlando o in?cio e execu??o do movimento. Portanto, este estudo visa avaliar os efeitos da exposi??o ao mangan?s e agrot?xicos, tais como dicl?rvos e tebuconazol, sobre par?metros comportamentais em peixe-zebra nos est?gios larval e adulto, bem como os seus efeitos sobre a sinaliza??o purin?rgica, colin?rgica e dopamin?rgica. A exposi??o ao MnCl2 nos est?gios iniciais de desenvolvimento (1 hpf - 5 dpf) foi capaz de reduzir a dist?ncia percorrida, o ?ngulo de giro absoluto e o tempo de mobilidade das larvas aos 5, 7 e 10 dpf. Al?m disso, causou um aumento nos n?veis de TH aos 5 e 7 dpf, seguido por uma redu??o em 10 dpf. Tamb?m foi observado um aumento dos marcadores de morte celular. Em animais adultos, a exposi??o ao longo de 96 horas causou redu??o na dist?ncia percorrida, n?mero de cruzamentos e ?ngulo de giro absoluto, e ainda uma redu??o na aquisi??o de mem?ria atrav?s da tarefa de esquiva inibit?ria. Al?m disso, os animais adultos expostos a MnCl2 apresentaram aumento nos n?veis de marcadores de morte celular, al?m de TH e DOPAC (?cido 3,4-di-hidroxifenilac?tico) no enc?falo. A exposi??o por 96 horas a este metal tamb?m foi capaz de inibir a atividade das NTPDases e da ecto-ADA e reduzir os transcritos de RNAm do gene ADA2.1, al?m de aumentar os n?veis de ADP e reduzir a quantidade de AMP, ADO e INO no meio. O tebuconazol foi capaz de aumentar a dist?ncia ocular de larvas aos 5 dpf e reduzir a capacidade explorat?ria desses animais, e ainda diminuir a atividade locomotora de peixe-zebra adultos expostos por 96 horas. Al?m disso, este fungicida diminuiu a atividade da AChE tanto em larvas de 5 dpf, quanto em enc?falo de animais adultos. Al?m do mais, o tebuconacol aumentou a express?o relativa de mRNA da AChE em larvas, no entanto, n?o alterou em adultos. A exposi??o ao dicl?rvos, nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento (1 hpf - 7 dpf), reduziu o tamanho corporal, a taxa de batimentos card?acos e a superf?cie dos olhos de larvas de 7 dpf, bem como afetou a capacidade de escape de larvas aos 7 e 14 dpf. Al?m disso, reduziu a capacidade explorat?ria aos 7 e 14 dpf, padr?o mantido quando os animais tornaram-se adultos jovens aos 30 dpf, e adultos aos 70 dpf. No entanto, as an?lises realizadas aos 120 dpf mostraram recupera??o da atividade comportamental similar ao grupo controle. A an?lise aos 120 dpf da exposi??o ao dicl?rvos nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento sobre as enzimas do sistema purin?rgico mostrou que este inseticida ? capaz de elevar a atividade da ecto-5?-nucleotidase e reduzir a atividade da ecto-ADA. Os resultados mostram que os agentes neurot?xicos, tais como Mn, dicl?rvos e tebuconazol t?m atua??o significativa sobre o comportamento do peixe-zebra em est?gio larval e adulto, al?m de afetar diferentes sistemas de neurotransmiss?o. Tais altera??es comportamentais podem estar associadas aos d?ficits observados nos mecanismos neuroqu?micos e moleculares investigados.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:tede2.pucrs.br:tede/7506 |
| Date | 06 March 2017 |
| Creators | Altenhofen, Stefani |
| Contributors | Bonan, Carla Denise |
| Publisher | Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Brasil, Faculdade de Bioci?ncias |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_RS, instname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, instacron:PUC_RS |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | 3463594373552466096, 600, 600, 600, 4699616958383316066, -1634559385931244697 |
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