The ocean is the largest sink of anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere and therefore the magnitude of ocean carbon uptake largely determines the airborne fraction of emissions and the ultimate severity of surface climate change. However, climate-feedbacks on ocean carbon uptake over the historical period and in the future are uncertain. In particular, much uncertainty in the ocean carbon response hinges on the influence of wind-driven changes in the Southern Ocean, which is the most significant region of anthropogenic carbon uptake.
Here I show that the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) and CMIP5 climate models have significant biases in their pre-industrial and satellite era-climatologies, relative to observationally based estimates. I also show that the models project the westerlies to intensify and shift poleward under anthropogenic forcing over the 20th and 21st centuries, but that they significantly underestimate the trends over the satellite era.
I then use a novel experimental design, wherein I isolate the influence of the models pre-industrial wind bias on simulations of ocean carbon uptake and climate. I do this by using the UVic Earth System Climate Model (ESCM) with an ensemble of members, each forced by the winds from an individual CMIP model.
I show here that the climate model pre-industrial wind bias can significantly increase ocean carbon uptake in transient climate change simulations, reducing the airborne fraction and projected climate change. By contrast, the simulated wind-changes over the 20th and 21st centuries reduce ocean carbon uptake, largely through an increase in outgassing from the Southern Ocean. However, I show that this transient- wind effect is i) smaller than the pre-industrial bias effect and ii) does not occur when using a variable formulation for the Gent-McWilliams coefficient of eddy diffusivity in the coarse resolution model, under simulated or observed wind-changes.
I then go on to demonstrate that the simulated transient wind-changes significantly reduce the Antarctic sea-ice area simulated by the UVic ESCM. I also test the influence of fresh water input to the Southern Ocean from dynamic Antarctic Ice Sheet mass loss, which is a forcing absent from the CMIP5 models. The magnitude of the fresh water effect is small and has little influence on the sea-ice area trends simulated by the CMIP5 models over the historical era.
These results have significant implications for previous model-based studies of the ocean carbon cycle, as well as for the quantification of the wind-induced uncertainty in future climate projections by current Earth System Models. / Graduate / 0725 / 0425 / 0415
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:LACETR/oai:collectionscanada.gc.ca:BVIV.1828/4657 |
| Date | 20 June 2013 |
| Creators | Swart, Neil Cameron |
| Contributors | Fyfe, John, Weaver, Andrew J. |
| Source Sets | Library and Archives Canada ETDs Repository / Centre d'archives des thèses électroniques de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada |
| Language | English, English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Rights | Available to the World Wide Web |
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