Astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell population in human brain (1). First described by Virchow as being 'glue' of the brain (2), modern research has truly extended our knowledge and understanding regarding the vast array of roles these cells execute under normal physiological conditions. Examples include neurotransmitter reuptake at the synapse (3), the regulation of blood flow at capillaries to meet neuronal energy demand (4), and maintenance/repair of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (5), which is comprised, in part, of tight junction proteins such zonula-occludens-1 (ZO1) (6) and Claudin-5 (7). Underlying the execution of these processes is the morphological and spatial arrangement of astrocytes between neurons and endothelial cells comprising blood vessels, where comprehensively speaking, these cells form what is known as the gliovascular unit (8). Astrocytes extend large processes called endfeet that intimately associate with and enwrap up to 99% of the cerebrovascular surface (9). Disruptions to this association can occur in the form of retracted endfeet, and this has been characterized in several disease states such as major depressive disorder (10-12), ischemia (13-15), and normal biological aging (16-18). Disruption can also take the form of cellular/protein aggregate intercalation, which our lab previously characterized in a human-derived glioma model (19) and vascular amyloidosis human Amyloid Precursor Protein J20 (hAPPJ20) animal model (20). In both models, focal astrocyte-vascular disruptions coincided with perturbations to astrocyte control of blood flow, with deficits in BBB integrity present in the glioma model as well.
These findings lead to the preliminary work in this dissertation where we aimed to extend BBB findings in the glioma model to the hAPPJ20 vascular amyloidosis model. Immunohistochemical analysis in two-year old hAPPJ20 animal arterioles revealed that indeed in locations of vascular amyloid buildup and endfoot separation, there was a significant reduction in a tight junction protein critical for BBB maintenance, ZO1. This reduction in ZO1 expression was accompanied by extravasation of 70kDa FITC and the ~1kDa Cadaverine, suggesting that BBB integrity was compromised. These findings led to the objective of this dissertation, which was to determine if focal ablation of an astrocyte is sufficient to disrupt BBB integrity. By utilizing the in vivo 2Phatal single-cell apoptosis induction method (21), we found that 1) focal loss of astrocyte-vascular coverage does not result in barrier deficits, but rather induces a plasticity response whereby surrounding astrocytes extend processes to reinnervate vascular vacancies no longer occupied by previously ablated astrocytes. 2) Replacement astrocytes are capable of inducing vasocontractile responses in blood vessels, and that 3) aging significantly attenuates the kinetics of this process. We then tested the hypothesis that focal loss of astrocyte-vascular coverage leads to a gliovascular structural plasticity response, in part, through the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2). This dissertation found that 4), this was indeed the case, and finally, 5) we determined that gliovascular structural plasticity occurs after reperfusion post-focal photothrombotic stroke. Together, the work presented in this dissertation sheds light on a novel plasticity response whereby astrocytes maintain continual cerebrovascular coverage and therefore physiological control. Future studies should aim to determine if 1) astrocytes also replace the synaptic contacts with neighboring neurons once held by a previous astrocyte, and 2) what therapeutic opportunity gliovascular structural plasticity may present regarding BBB repair following stroke. / Doctor of Philosophy / Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain. Their anatomical relationship to neurons and endothelial cells allows them to execute many vital brain functions, and comprehensively speaking, these cells form what is known as the gliovascular unit. Important for maintaining the expression of proteins preventing vascular leakage in the brain are molecules released from astrocytes processes called endfeet. These endfeet intimately enwrap blood vessels, and disruptions to endfeet-vascular coverage often coincide with vascular leakage in the brain. This dissertation therefore aimed to determine if astrocyte-vascular coverage is necessary in preventing vascular leakage. State-of-the art imaging in live animals determined this not to be the case, and rather found that focal loss of astrocyte-vascular coverage induces a plasticity response wherein neighboring astrocytes extend new endfeet to reinnervate vascular vacancies. Furthermore, we found that the kinetics of endfoot replacement are significantly reduced in aging, and that the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical arbiter underlying this response. Finally, given that we found endfoot replacement to occur in locations of lost astrocyte-vascular contact following reperfusion post-focal photothrombotic stroke, these findings may have implications regarding repair of the blood-brain barrier following CNS insults such as stroke.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VTETD/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/104217 |
| Date | 28 May 2021 |
| Creators | Mills, William A. III |
| Contributors | Graduate School, Sontheimer, Harald, Fox, Michael A., Olsen, Michelle L., Chappell, John C. |
| Publisher | Virginia Tech |
| Source Sets | Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation |
| Format | ETD, application/pdf |
| Rights | In Copyright, http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ |
Page generated in 0.0026 seconds