A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy. J o h a n n e s b u r g , 2 0 1 3. / Structured carbon nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest because of their unique
structures and outstanding properties. Among other structured carbon nanomaterials, carbon
nanofibers (CNFs) have been the subject of study for several decades with particular interest
having been paid towards their synthesis and application. However, control over the size and
shape of these materials still remains a challenge. Three main components necessary for the
synthesis of CNFs are the catalyst or template, the carbon source and the source of
energy/power. It has been noted that catalyst morphology and the carbon source plays an
important role in controlling CNF growth and morphology. As such one of the main challenges
is to produce the catalyst particles that would yield the desired CNF morphology.
In this study, we investigated methods for controlling the size and morphology of CNFs by
synthesizing Ni and Cu catalysts of particular morphology, while using C2H2 and
trichloroethylene (TCE) as a carbon source for the synthesis of CNFs. A mixture of TCE/C2H2
was also employed as a carbon source for comparison. The catalysts and synthesized CNFs were
characterized by different techniques such as TEM, XRD, TPR, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, IR
spectroscopy, etc.
The synthesis of Ni nanoparticles (NPs) was achieved by reduction of Ni(acetate)2 with
hydrazine (35%). CNFs were synthesized by deposition of TCE, C2H2 and their mixtures using a
chemical vapor deposition technique (CVD) in the temperature range 400-800 oC. N2 and CO2
were used as carrier gases. TEM analysis of the Ni particles as a function of time revealed that
the Ni underwent a morphological change with time. Further, as the temperature of the reaction
changed, so did the shape of the carbon materials. The shapes changed from structures showing
bilateral growth at T = 400 oC to tripod-like structures and multipod-like structures at T = 450 oC
and T = 500 oC respectively. Irregular shaped materials were observed at T > 500 oC. It was also
found that when acetylene or an acetylene/trichloroethylene mixture was used at T = 450 oC,
helical (> 80%) and linear fibers were produced respectively. It was also demonstrated that the
flow rate of H2, N2 and CO2 had a dramatic influence on the morphology of CNFs. CO2/TCEwas
found to produce linear fibers with controlled sizes at 800 oC. The results demonstrated that the
formation of tripod CNFs only occurs in a very narrow parameter regime.
Manoko S. Maubane
The preheating of the TCE prior to its deposition over a Ni particle catalyst was achieved using a
double stage CVD reactor. TCE was subjected to high temperatures prior to its deposition at low
temperatures. Results showed that the decomposition temperature was the key parameter in the
synthesis of CNFs. It was found that during the decomposition, TCE breaks down into different
species/radicals which then adsorb onto the catalyst particle to give CNFs of different
morphology. Raman studies revealed that the synthesized CNFs showed an increase in graphitic
nature when the temperature in the first reactor of a two stage reactor was increased.
Decomposition of C2H2 was also performed over Cu NPs, and Cu modified catalysts (Cu@SiO2
and Cu/SiO2) with different silica coatings at 300 oC. These catalysts were prepared by reduction
of Cu(acac)2 with hydrazine (35%). TEM images revealed that coiled CNFs were only produced
from Cu/SiO2 grown in the presence of H2 (> 90 %; d = 60-70 nm). IR spectra of all the CNFs
indicated the presence of surface C=C, C=O, CH3 and CH2 moieties, and that the ratios of peak
intensities of C=O/CHx and C=C/CHx species indicated the variable CNF surface that was
produced by the gases and the Cu particles used. It was thus revealed that the CNFs produced by
different Cu catalysts have different chemical and physical properties and that these properties
correlate with catalyst particle size and the gas mixtures used.
CuO and SrO modified Cu catalysts (with different Cu/Sr ratios) were also employed using the
CVD method for the synthesis of CNFs at 300 oC. These catalysts were prepared by a coprecipitation
method. The TEM images of the CNFs revealed a mixture of straight and coiled
CNFs with a broad diameter distribution (50-400 nm) dependent on the Cu/Sr ratio of the
catalyst used. IR and TGA analysis revealed that the chemical composition of the CNFs changed
as the SrO content changed. The SrO content also affected the Cu particle size and influenced the
morphology of the Cu particles from which the CNFs grew.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:wits/oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/13432 |
| Date | 10 January 2014 |
| Creators | Maubane, Manoko Stephina |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | application/pdf, application/pdf |
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