Em nível mundial, a soja (Glycine max (L) Merrill) é a principal leguminosa cultivada, devido a sua grande importância na saúde e alimentação humana, na alimentação animal e sua utilização para produção de biocombustíveis. O Brasil está entre os maiores produtores de soja do mundo, sendo uma das principais fontes econômicasque movimentam o agronegócio brasileiro. Por isso, estudos sobre os principaisfatores, sejam bióticos ou abióticos, que podem afetar negativamente a produção,são necessários. Entre estes, a ferrugem asiática da soja, causada pelo fungoPhakopsora pachyrhizi (Sydow & P.Sydow), apresenta um grande potencial deredução severa da produtividade de soja. Hoje, sabe-se que a forma mais eficaz decontrole da doença é através da resistência genética. Devido à baixa durabilidade degenes de resistência vertical, estudos para o desenvolvimento de linhagens comgenes de resistência horizontal são de extrema importância. Neste trabalhoobjetivou-se estudar a influência da ferrugem asiática sobre características deimportância agronômica, que foram avaliadas em uma população de linhagensendogâmicas recombinantes (RILs). Foram realizadas análises fenotípicas eestatísticas para cada característica sob influência da ferrugem asática, em campoexperimental e no fitotron. Essas análises permitiram estudar a correlação existenteentre as características e a seleção de 16 linhagens de soja que apresentaram asmelhores características sob ação da ferrugem. Além disto, foi construído um mapagenético da soja com marcadores microssatélites, em que foram formados 19 gruposde ligação. Em oito destes grupos foram detectados 17 QTLs que contribuem para aresistência horizontal à doença. Os resultados alcançados são muito importantespois abrem a possibilidade para a utilização de marcadores ligados aos QTLs emprogramas de melhoramento contra a doença. / Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is the main legume crop worldwide due to its highimportance to health, human and animal feed and its use for biofuel production.Brazil is among the largest soybean producers in the world, which is one of the maineconomic resources that stimulates Brazilian agribusiness. Therefore, studies on themain factors, whether biotic or abiotic, which can negatively affect the production, arenecessary. Among these factors, the Asian Soybean Rust caused by Phakopsorapachyrhizi (Sydow & P. Sydow), can severely reduce the soybean yield potential. It iscurrently known that the most effective control practice involves genetic resistance.However, due to the low durability of vertical resistance, studies to develop lines withhorizontal resistance are extremely important. In this study, the main objetctive wasto evaluate important agronomic traits under influence of soybean asian rust in apopulation of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). For each trait, phenotypic andstatistical analysis were performed in the population under asian rust infection grownin field and grow chamber. These analyses allowed the identification of correlationbetween the traits and the selection of 16 soybean lines that showed the best traitsunder asian rust influence. Also, a molecular genetic map with 19 chromosomes wasbuilt using microssatellite markers. Seventeen QTLs contributing to horizontalresistance rust were detected in eight of these chromossomes. The results will allowthe use of molecular markers associated to these QTLs in the soybean breedingprogram against this disease.

Les réseaux de capteurs sans fils et mobiles constituent un champ de recherche dans lequel un grand nombre de capteurs de faible coût sont déployés dans un environnement pour observer un ou plusieurs phénomènes. Ces capteurs sont autonomes, communicant et disposent d'une réserve d'énergie limitée. Les problèmes issus de ce type de système sont nombreux : gestion de l'énergie, couverture, fusion de donnée, ...L'approche proposée dans cette thèse repose sur l'hypothèse que les réseaux de capteurs doivent exhiber des propriétés d'auto-organisation et d'autonomie. Chaque capteur est en soit autonome et peut interagir avec d'autres capteurs ce qui forme une organisation complexe. Ces capteurs ont un but à accomplir et le système possède les caractéristiques suivantes : i. le but du réseau ne peut généralement pas être résolu par un capteur uniqueii. Les capteurs doivent collaborer pour accomplir le but ou contribuer à une partie de ce but.iii. Chaque capteur réagit à son environnement en fonction de ses perceptions qui sont forcément locales et limitées.Après une introduction qui décrit le domaine et pose la problématique un état de l'art du domaine est présenté au chapitre 2. Deux contributions sont abordées dans cette thèse. D'une part, l'analyse des propriétés dynamiques de topologie des réseaux de capteurs sans fil et d'autre part la performance des liens de ce type de réseaux. Pour la topologie deux approches sont proposées : au chapitre 3 une première approche basée sur le modèle de mobilité et au chapitre 4 une approche basée sur des techniques de mesures. Pour la performance des liens, deux approches sont également proposées. La première, décrite dans le chapitre 5, est basée sur un modèle d'analyse linéaire. La deuxième, décrite au chapitre 6, repose sur une technique d'optimisation multi-objectif. / The measurability of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is the precondition of itsmanagement, performance optimization and network resources re-allocations. However, MANET is an infrastructure-free, multi-hop, andself-organized temporary network, comprised of a group of mobile nodes with wirelesscommunication devices. Not only does its topology structure vary with time going by, butalso the communication protocol used in its network layer or data link layer is diverse andnon-standard.In order to solve the problem of interior links performance (such as packet loss rate anddelay) measurement in MANET, this thesis has adopted an external measurement basedon network tomography (NT). To the best of our knowledge, NT technique is adaptable for Ad Hoc networkmeasurement.This thesis has deeply studied MANET measurement technique based on NT. The maincontributions are:(1) An analysis technique on MANET topology dynamic characteristic based onmobility model was proposed. At first, an Ad Hoc network mobility model formalizationis described. Then a MANET topology snapshots capturing method was proposed to findand verify that MANET topology varies in steady and non-steady state in turnperiodically. At the same time, it was proved that it was practicable in theory to introduceNT technique into Ad Hoc network measurement. The fitness hypothesis verification wasadopted to obtain the rule of Ad Hoc network topology dynamic characteristic parameters,and the Markov stochastic process was adopted to analyze MANET topology dynamiccharacteristic. The simulation results show that the method above not only is valid andgenerable to be used for all mobility models in NS-2 Tool, but also could obtain thetopology state keeping experimental formula and topology state varying probabilityformula.IV(2) An analysis technique for MANET topology dynamic characteristic based onmeasurement sample was proposed. When the scenario file of mobile models could notbe obtained beforehand, End-to-End measurement was used in MANET to obtain thepath delay time. Then topology steady period of MANET is inferred by judging whetherpath delay dithering is close to zero. At the same time, the MANET topology wasidentified by using hierarchical clustering method based on measurement sample of pathperformance during topology steady period in order to support the link performanceinference. The simulation result verified that the method above could not only detect themeasurement window time of MANET effectively, but also identify the MANETtopology architecture during measurement window time correctly.(3) A MANET link performance inference algorithm based on linear analysis modelwas proposed. The relation of inequality between link and path performance, such as lossrate of MANET, was deduced according to a linear model. The phenomena thatcommunication characteristic of packets, such as delay and loss rate, is more similarwhen the sub-paths has longer shared links was proved in the document. When the rankof the routing matrix is equal to that of its augmentation matrix, the linear model wasused to describe the Ad Hoc network link performance inference method. The simulationresults show that the algorithm not only is effective, but also has short computing time.(4) A Link performance inference algorithm based on multi-objectives optimizationwas proposed. When the rank of the routing matrix is not equal to that of its augmentationmatrix, the link performance inference was changed into multi-objectives optimizationand genetic algorithm is used to infer link performance. The probability distribution oflink performance in certain time t was obtained by performing more measurements andstatistically analyzing the hypo-solutions. Through the simulation, it can be safelyconcluded that the internal link performance, such as, link loss ratio and link delay, can beinferred correctly when the rank of the routing matrix is not equal to that of itsaugmentation matrix.

Byggindustrin är idag en av våra mest olycksdrabbade branscher i Sverige sett tillantalet sysselsatta inom branschen. Olycksfrekvensen ligger idag kring 11/1000sysselsatta och år. Statistiken visar att byggindustrin har fler sjukskrivningar på grundav olyckor än andra branscher, vilket givetvis leder till större utgifter i förhållande tillde andra på denna punkt. Ett sätt att öka intresset för säkerhet och arbetsmiljöfrågorinom byggverksamheten kan vara att undersöka de ekonomiska aspekterna. Det ärtydligt att sjukskrivningar är en stor kostnad för byggföretagen men finns det egentligennågon motsättning mellan lönsamhet och säkerhet?Syftet med studien är att undersöka kopplingen mellan arbetsmiljöarbete,sjukskrivningar och kostnader inom byggsektorn. Studien utförs för att kunna ge enoberoende rekommendation på vilka åtgärder inom arbetsmiljö och säkerhet som kanminska antalet sjukskrivningar på grund av arbetsolyckor. Tanken är att undersökavilka olyckor som bidrar till flest sjukdagar och därmed störst kostnader för företagen,samt se vilka grundorsaker som går att förknippa med dessaStudien tar endast upp sjukskrivningar där bakomliggande orsak är en arbetsolycka.Det innebär att arbetssjukdommar orsakat av arbetshygieniska förhållanden intekommer att beaktas. Detta för att begränsa studien till den typ av olyckor inombyggindustrin som bidrar till flest sjukskrivningar.Undersökningen har gjorts i form av en omvärldsanalys med avsikt att samlainformation och kartlägga ämnet. Information och statistik i detta arbete har i störstamöjliga mån baserats på vetenskapligt säkerhetsställd litteratur ochmyndighetsinformation. Rapporten baseras i stor del på den nuägesbeskrivning sompresenteras i kapitel 4 som redogör bakgrund och den nuvarande situationbyggverksamheten befinner sig i när det gäller arbetsmiljöarbete, olycksstatiastik samtorsaker och kostnader för sjukskrivningar vid arbetsolyckor. I kapitel 3 presenteras denlagstiftning som i Sverige ligger till grund för arbetsmiljöarbete.I denna studie har olika undersökningar kombinerats för att få fram ett resultat på hurmycket sjukskrivningar, orsakade av arbetsolyckor, kostar. Kostnaderna baseras påarbetsmiljöverkets och försäkringskassans olycksfallstatistik samt försäkringskassanskalkylunderlag för sjukskrivning [25]. För att uppskatta kostnader för olika typer avolycksfall, undersöks hur många sjukdagar de fem vanligaste orsakerna bidrar med. Detvisar sig att den sjukskrivningskategori som kostar arbetsgivaren mest är fall från höjdoch att de åtgärder som enligt många studier förebygger detta är att ha en städadarbetsplats.Slutligen kan det konstateras att det finns kopplingar mellan arbetsplatsolyckor,sjukskrivningar och kostnader för företag inom byggsektorn. Det finns även åtgärdersom kan ge effekt på minskade sjukskrivningar, exempelvis städning och information.Utöver detta pekas även projektering ut som en punkt där anpassningar förarbetsmiljön kan göras och på så vis minska sjukskrivningar och öka lönsamheten hosföretagen. / The construction industry is one of our most injurious industries in Sweden today. Theaccident frequency currently lies around 11 per 1000 employees per year. Statistics showthat the construction industry has more sick leave due to accidents than other business,which of course leads to larger cost in relation to others industrial branches in this area.One way to increase the interest in safety and work environment issues in theconstruction industry can be to examine the economical aspects. It is clear that sickleave is a big cost for construction companies, but is there really any contradictionbetween profitability and safety?The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection between work environmentand profitability for companies in the construction sector. The study is carried out inorder to give an independent recommendation on which measures within workenvironment and safety that could be used to reduce the number of sick leave occasionsdue to work accidents. The idea is to investigate which accidents contribute to the mostsick days, and to see which root causes that could be associated with these accidents.The study only addresses sick leave where the underlying cause is workplace accidents.This means that occupational diseases caused by industrial hygiene conditions will notbe taken into account, this is to limit the study to the section which contributes themost to sick leave in the construction industry .The study has been conducted as an analysis of the surrounding world with theintention of gathering information and mapping out the subject. Information andstatistics in this research have, as far as possible, been based on scientifically securedliterature and government information. The report is largely based on the complieddescription of the current situation presented in chapter 4. This chapter describes thebackground and current situation for the construction industry in regards to legislation,work environment, accident statistics as well as causes and costs for sick leave in theevent of work accidents.In this report, various research has been combined to obtain a result on how much sickleave, caused by occupational accidents, costs. The costs are based on the SwedishWork Environment Authority and the Swedish Social Insurance Agency’s accidentstatistics as well as the Swedish Social Insurance Agency’s calculation basis for sickleave. In order to estimate the costs for different types of accidents, the number of sickdays for the five most common causes of injuries were picked out. It turns out that thecause of accidents that contributes to the highest costs for the employer is fall fromhight. It was also detected that according to many studies, the most efficient way toprevent fall from hight was to have a tidy workplace.Finally, it’s concluded that there are connections between work environment accidents,sick leave and costs for companies within the construction sector. There are alsomeasures that can affect sick leave, for example cleaning and information. Beyondthese, construction design is pointed out as an area where adjustments for the workenvironment can be made and though that reduce sick leave and increase profits for thecompanies.