碩士 / 國立交通大學 / 電子研究所 / 98 / In this thesis, a new space-frequency combination technique is proposed for Alamouti coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the context of cooperative communications. Since cooperative antennas are distributed, there may exist multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) and traditional space-frequency decoding may not apply. The proposed method optimally combines the two sets of separately synchronized signal in order to eliminate inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI) effectively. Iterative interference cancellation instead of exact cancellation is usually used to combat multiple access interference (MAI) for lower computational complexity. Through simulation results, it is observed that the proposed method with iterative ICI cancellation achieve good bits error rate (BER) performance and a better tolerance of multiple CFOs.

博士 / 國立交通大學 / 電子研究所 / 98 / Due to the trend of more and more SoC and SiP projects, the complication in chip, package and board designs, and signal interactions thereof is increasing very rapidly. Typical peripheral wire-bond design will be inappropriate for most modern designs; therefore flip-chip package becomes an inevitable choice. However, engineers usually designate the key interfaces including I/Os, bumps and package pin-out (ballplan) by hands in conventional flip-chip designs. The chip-package-board co-planning process is indeed time-consuming and always postpones the time-to-market (TTM) of products. In response to the aforementioned issues, this dissertation proposes methodologies in planning those interfaces with concurrent codesign paradigm, thus speeding up the developing time dramatically. The dissertation contains three parts. First, we propose a novel and very efficient approach to automating pin-out designation in flip-chip BGA packaging for package-board codesign. The manual time-consuming codesign works can be replaced by proposed methodologies. Through considering signal integrity, power delivery, and routability in pin-block design, our frameworks provide trade-offs in signal performance and package cost while achieving the minimum package size. Second, we present a planning algorithm to optimize pin-block locations by using a new representation for pin-block placement, and defining range constraints in stochastic framework. The experimental results show that our algorithm optimizes the system interconnects during package pin-out planning. In addition to the package-board codesign, we develop a concurrent design flow for chip-package codesign in the third part. Comparing with the previous works, the methods in this part preliminarily provide the optimization study of net crossing and length deviation which are very critical requirements in chip-package codesign. By designing specific I/O-bump tiles and proposing an innovative I/O-row based scheme, two heuristic methods and one assignment algorithm are provided for package-aware I/O-bump planning. As a result, a chip-package-board co-planning automation attempt is accomplished for optimizing performance and design cost simultaneously.

碩士 / 國立交通大學 / 電子研究所 / 98 / The flip-chip package which was developed by IBM in the 60's provides a high chip-density solution to the demand of more I/O buffers in VLSI designs. The RDL routing problem is connected between chip domain and package domain, which means that the result of the RDL routing problem has strong influences on the chip performance and the package performance. Therefore, the concept of chip-package-board codesign is proposed and it is become more popular in recent years. In this thesis, we propose a routing algorithm for area-I/O RDL routing problem. Our algorithm contains chip-level assignment and RDL-level routing. In both chip-level assignment and RDL-level routing, we take not only wirelength but also signal influence into account. Experimental results have shown that our algorithm can improve bump assignment significantly with reasonable extra wirelength and it can achieve 100\% RDL routability.

碩士 / 國立交通大學 / 電子研究所 / 98 / IEEE 802.16e is a recently proposed standard for high speed wireless transmission. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) technical is adopted in 802.16e. OFDM is a kind of multi-carrier modulation and data are divided into several differential and orthogonal subcarriers. MIMO is a kind of transmission way with multiple transmitting antennas and multiple receiving antennas. In this thesis, we focus on sampling clock offset (SCO) of 802.16e and build a simulation platform using C language. This platform contains carrier frequency synchronization, timing synchronization and frequency domain channel estimation, and we simulate SCO effect on this platform. We propose two kinds of model to illustrate SCO effects proposes three architectures to compensate SCO on OFDM and MIMO system. Finally, we propose a memory-efficiency architecture for sampling clock offset compensation. This architecture reduces the usage of memory by 85 %. This architecture can perfectly compensate SCO effect when SCO value is below 20 ppm, and make the BER less than 0.01 when SCO value is 40 ppm. However, without compensation, under 20 and 40 ppm SCO, the BER is 0.15 and 0.36 respectively. Thus, the proposed memory-efficiency architecture for sampling clock offset compensation improves the BER of the system significantly.

博士 / 國立交通大學 / 電信工程研究所 / 98 / To guarantee the quality of service (QoS) in wireless network is an important issue. Currently, the different networks are optimized for different services, but it becomes urgent to provide varied service in wireless networks. To address this problem, there need to re-design a medium access control (MAC) or scheduling scheme to satisfy the QoS of multimedia service and to enhance the network utilization. In the WLAN, the goal of the medium access control (MAC) protocol is to deal with the contention of stations. It uses the different arbitration inter frame space to differentiate the services to promote the service quality, but the QoS satisfaction is not good enough. In order to support multimedia services in the WLAN, an adaptive p-persistent-based (APP) MAC scheme for IEEE 802.11 WLAN is investigated. The APP MAC scheme can further differentiate priorities of access categories by the initial permission probabilities and adaptively adjust permission probabilities to transmission stations according to its transmission state. Numerical and simulation results show that the APP MAC scheme can reduce the dropping probability of high priority service and effectively reduce the delay variance by 15%. The base station has to serve the massive users with different service type in IEEE 802.16 WiMAX system. Therefore, it needs to elaborately design the scheduling scheme to enhance QoS satisfaction with high system efficiency. In the IEEE 802.16 system, a dynamic priority resource allocation (DPRA) scheme for uplink and a utility-based throughput maximization and complexity reduction (U_TMCR) scheduling scheme for downlink are investigated. The DPRA scheme dynamically gives priority values to difference services based on the urgency degrees and allocates system radio resources according to the priority values. It can maximize the system throughput and satisfy differentiated QoS requirements. Also, the DPRA scheme performs consistent allocation to conform the uplink frame structure of IEEE 802.16, to fulfill QoS requirement, and to reduce the computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed DPRA scheme performs very close to the optimal method, which is by exhaustive search, in system throughput; and it outperforms the conventional EFS algorithm [39] in the performance measures such as system throughput, rtPS packet dropping rate, ratio of unsatisfied nrtPS, and average transmission rate of BE. The goals of the U_TMCR scheme are not only to maximize system throughput under QoS guarantee but also to reduce computational complexity. Based on channel quality and QoS requirements of each user, the U_TMCR scheme designs a utility function for every user and formulates the scheduling into an optimization problem of overall system utility function subject to system constraints. It also contains a heuristic TMCR algorithm to efficiently solve the optimization problem. Simulation results show that the U_TMCR scheme can improve the system throughput by 8% and reduce the computational complexity by 6.25%~29.2%.

碩士 / 國立交通大學 / 電信工程研究所 / 98 / Over-sampling ΣΔ ADCs are widely used in application-specific ICs due to their high dynamic range and low power consumption. Thanks to the advance CMOS processes and continuous-time (CT) analog filter technique, the popularity of CT ΣΔ ADCs has been growing recently. Due to the non-sampling loop filter, it is feasible to build high-resolution CT ΣΔ ADCs with a bandwidth up to MHz at the same time, leading to more power- and area-efficient ADCs. In this thesis, a wide-bandwidth low-power CT ΣΔ modulator with 10 MHz signal bandwidth is implemented in TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process. To realize such application scenario, the proposed CTSDM comprises a third-order active-RC loop filter and a 4-bit internal quantizer operating at 320 MHz clock frequency. To reduced clock jitter sensitivity, non-return-to-zero (NRZ) DAC pulse shaping is used. The excess loop delay is set to half the sampling period of the quantizer and the excess loop delay compensation is achieved by the discrete-time derivator structure. The proposed CTSDM achieves above 74 dB SNDR (12 ENOB) over a 10 MHz signal band. The power dissipation is 36 mW from a 1.8 V supply and the energy per conversion is 235 fJ from post-layout simulation. The proposed circuitry can be utilized in low-power medical imaging and modern wireless communications.

碩士 / 國立交通大學 / 電機學院碩士在職專班電信組 / 98 / In this paper, We propose a compact leaky-wave Antenna array to reduce side lobe level. Since the travelling wave propagating on the antenna will leak out the energy to the free space. But due to the discontinuity at the end of the antenna that will cause the reflected wave and propagate opposite direction. Then radiate unwanted side lobe. We reuse the reflected power due to the reflected power from the end of the microstrip line can reduce the side lobe level. The antenna array consist of 3 elements, each one has 1? long. We guided the remained reflected power and split the power equally with the same phase difference into 2 paths then inject into each antenna elements. This antenna is fabricated on FR-4 PCB and operating at 4.4GHz. And the measurement results shows gain +8.5dBi, main beam angle is about 30?a, beam width is about 40?a and side lobe level is -13dB. This design can reduce side lobe level effectively which may reduce the interference and utilize the array structure to improve the directivity. It is suitable for vehicles avoidance collision system, point-to-point radio communication and millimeter-wave applications.

博士 / 國立交通大學 / 應用化學研究所 / 98 / In recent years, a number of supramolecular interactions have been developed and explored for the formation of complex macromolecular architectures. A perfect example can be found in nature with the nucleobase pairs of DNA. It has attracted great attention recently because novel structural organizations can be formed through highly complementary nucleobase recognition. For example, self-assembly mediated by hydrogen bonding allows DNA-like polymer chains to rapidly form functionalizable materials exhibiting unique physical properties, such as high specificity, controlled affinity, and reversibility. Nevertheless, controlling the secondary (and higher) structures of synthetic polymers remains a challenging task. Indeed, the synthesis of well-defined polymer architectures is currently quite inefficient when compared to the level of control found in biomaterials, which efficiently program the formation of higher structures at the molecular level. In this thesis, we synthesized three kinds of novel nucleobase-based supramolecular polymers and investigated their self-assembled arrays and nanostructures in sold-states: (1) Biocomplementary Interaction Behavior in DNA-like and RNA-like Polymers We synthesized poly[1-(4-vinylbenzyl)thymine] (PVBT) and 9-hexadecyladenine (A-C16) through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and alkylation, respectively. Bio-complementary PVBT/A-C16 hierarchical supramolecular complexes formed in dilute DMSO solution through nucleobase recognition—i.e., hydrogen bonding interactions between the thymine (T) groups of PVBT and the adenine (A) group of A-C16. In the bulk state, these complexes self-assemble into well-ordered lamellar structures; the changing d-spacing distance (ranging from 4.98 to 2.32 nm) at different A-C16 loadings reveals that the molecular structures of the PVBT/A-C16 complexes are readily tailored. In addition, a series of nucleobased polymers and copolymers were synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Biocomplementary DNA-like and RNA-like supramolecular complexes are formed through nucleobase recognition. This study is of discussion on the difference in the hydrogen bond strength between T-A and U-A base pairs within polymer systems, indicating that the strength of hydrogen bonds in RNA U-A pairs is stronger than that in DNA T-A base pairs. (2) Organic/Inorganic Supramolecular Materials A new polyhedral oligimeric silsesquioxane macromer octakis[N-(6-aminopyridin-2- yl)undecanamide-10-dimethyl- siloxy]silsesquioxane (POSS-C11-Py), containing eight diaminopyridine arms, has been synthesized. This POSS-C11-Py macromer is able to self-assemble to form a physically crosslinked polymer-like structure with good mechanical properties (tensile strength= 46.1 MPa, tensile modulus= 0.58 GPa, elongation= 49.3%) through quadruple hydrogen bonding interactions between these diaminopyridine terminal groups. POSS-C11-Py is the first organic/inorganic supermolecule possessing enhanced film-forming and mechanical properties as a result of self-supporting interactions, providing a potential route toward design and fabrication of supramolecular materials. (3) A New Supramolecular Material Containing Self-complementary Sextuple Hydrogen-bonding interaction This study describes an exceptionally array formed through self-assembly of a new material containing self-complementary sextuple hydrogen-bonding interaction. The new (U-DPy) derivative, N-(6-(3-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)- propanamido)pyridin-2-yl)undec-10-enamide, was successfully synthesized through a three-step process with excellent yields. 1H NMR titration studies in CDCl3 showed that the self-complementary complexes formed rapidly on the NMR time scale with extremely high association constants (Kdimer >107 M-1). More surprisingly, the strength of hydrogen bonding formed through dimerization was over the fluorescence time scale. The U-DPy possessing extremely high association constant far exceeding those of existing systems provides a new strategy for designing and manipulating polymers with distinctive properties.

碩士 / 國立交通大學 / 應用數學系所 / 98 / In this paper, we study the function theory of the solutions of the nonlinear second-order equations which have the following forms, d^2u/dt^2+PN(u)=0 where PN(u) is a polynomial of degree 2N-1 or 2N. Solutions of such equations reside on Riemann surfaces of genus N-1. We construct those Riemann surfaces with the correct algebraic structures. From which, we are able to perform path integrals on the Riemann surfaces theoretically and numerically, and, in principle, solutions can be derived. The roots of PN(u) play the essential roles in every aspects, and complex analysis is our main tool.

碩士 / 國立交通大學 / 應用藝術研究所 / 98 / Nowadays, most societies are becoming service-based. Consuming a service means consuming an experience. In this informational age, the fields of cultural, social, and human interaction can be connected by the service design. The service design is a system challenge driven by the understanding of the human experience. As well as the relation between design and positive emotion, the understanding of the user experience has emerged between researchers and designers in the past decade. However, the researches of empirically documented the link between the users’ negative emotion and service design are scant. In this thesis, the relationship between the negative stimulus of service and the emotional response is investigated. The context, the action, and the experience in the bus service are further discussed. This study includes three methods, cultural probes, grounded theory, and survey. The cultural probes are a user-centred approach which was conducted to explore passengers’ negative emotional experience by self-documentation. The survey is composed of an in-depth interview and a questionnaire, and the process of Evaluation Grid Method (EGM) was done in the interview phase, the other point is that the quantitative analyze of the questionnaire was conducted to study the accurate relationship between the emotions and the service features by Quantitative Type I analysis. Besides, the grounded theory was conducted to study the pattern of the negative emotional experience through conceptualization and data review. Results show that the different negative emotion could be aroused by the different stimulus, and passengers had their own action / interaction strategies to response the stimulus. These correlations were based on the emotional appraisal theory, and the balance between a potential concern to seek inner peace and external stimulus was delivered as a core pattern which support the whole experience. The reason for the negative emotions is resulted from the existence of intervening conditions reflect the stimulus to passenger, rather than the causal relationship from a lopsided view. Furthermore, the model of negative emotional experience was constructed by the correlations of the stimulus, the emotion, the action / interaction strategy, and concrete service feature. As a result, understanding the passengers’ behavior can be inferred to the hardship points that suffered by passengers. According to these findings of the study, in order to have a better bus service, the future service should dedicated to evoke passengers’ empathy, give passengers more control, create a trusted image, and an instant channel with the collection of public power. In conclusion, all design implications are aim to make passengers feel peace in their mind.