碩士 / 國立臺灣師範大學 / 台灣語文學系 / 102 / This study used the spontaneous speeches of 8 young people born in Kinmen in the 80s from the Taiwan Southern Min Spontaneous Speech Corpus to observe the performances in language contacts of Kinmen dialect with common accents and Mandarin of the young people in Kinmen. The result of this study shows that although some of these Kinmen young people's accents were influenced by the common accents and Mandarin, they could still clearly show their Kinmen accents. Especially, the Kinmen young people showed the feature of seaport central vowel in a high percentage of the -ir and -er rhymes as well as the feature of Tang-uann accent in the -ainn rhythm. Their -inn and -ue rhythms and tone sandhi of high falling tones were partly influenced by the common accents. In the accent performances of the Kinmen young people, the percentages of loss of glottal stop, voiced consonant g-, and lips ending -m/-p, which are not in the phonology, were all rather high and consistent. The most special performance was the loss of nasal ending -ien in the -iam rhythm. As for the Kinmen young people's contact with Mandarin and the common accents, most of the time they could tell the difference between the common accents and the Kinmen dialect accents. Usually it was lexcials that were influenced by the common accents. However, the influence of Mandarin was on the loss of phonetics. This condition shows that the influence of Mandarin was higher than that of the common accents.

碩士 / 國立中央大學 / 客家語文研究所 / 105 / Tonggu is Jiangxi Northwest region and Hakka population more places, where both have Hakka dialect and Gan dialect. Hakka and Gan dialect there are similarities, there are also different plac. In this paper, the Tonggu Hakka dialect as the research object. Discussion of this study contains phonology and lexicon, but we mainly focus on the former,the latter is auxiliary. With this research and analysis,we can understand the evolution and development of the phonological phenomena in the history of Tonggu, can be more in-depth understanding of Hakka. There are six chapters in this study. The first chapter is the introduction, which explains the motivations and objectives, the research methods and steps, the literature review and discussion, and briefly explains the geographical and historical profiles of Tonggu area. The second chapter is the system of Tonggu Hakka. It illustrates voice, rhyme, tone system, and features of tone sandhi and Literary and colloquial readings. The third chapter is the comparison between the Tonggu Hakka and the the medieval phonology, and then comparing the phonetic variations of today’s of voice, rhyme, tone system. The fourth chapter summarizes the voice characteristics of the Tonggu Hakka dialect, and comparisons with other dialects through, we can use voice, rhyme and tone to discuss the voice phenomenon and evolution. The fifth chapter is the discussion of the vocabulary of Tonggu Hakka. It use Tonggu,Sandu of Jiangxi northwest region, Ningdu and Ganxian of Jiangxi south region, and Hometown XingningHakka to compare vocabulary, and timely supplemented by other points dialect vocabulary. Observe the impact of language contact,and then sum up the characteristics of vocabulary. The sixth chapter is the conclusion. It summed up the voice characteristics of the Tonggu Hakka and lexical features, at the end proposes the suggestions of the study.

碩士 / 國立中央大學 / 客家語文研究所 / 106 / Longhu Township is located in Gongcheng county, Guilin city. Gongcheng county is located at the northeastern part of Guangxi ,and nears by the district of Hunan Xiang dialect. The interaction between Hakka dialect and the substratum languages is one of the important factors that makes the phonetic changes. This study takes the Hakka dialect of Longhu Township in Yao Autonomous County of Gongcheng as the research object. There are six chapters in this study. The first chapter is an introduction that consists of the motive, purpose, methodology. Review relevant literature and briefly describe the historical and geographical background of Guangxi and Gongcheng County. The second chapter represents the phonetic system of Longhu Hakka dialect that was obtained from the field reseach, including the initials, finals, tones, feature of tonal sandhi, literary and colloquial reading. The third chapter contrasts Longhu Hakka dialect with ancient Chinese phonology to view historical phonetics change. The fourth chapter is the phonetic features of the Longhu Hakka dialect, which is the result of sorting out the contents of the third chapter.In addition, investigate the phonetic phenomena and changes in Longhu Hakka dialect through the synchronic comparison between phonetic system. The fifth chapter is divided into two parts to investigate. The first part is the loanword in Longhu Hakka dialect.In connection with Hakka’s migrationand former residence, Compare and discussdialect vocabularies. The second is that explore the vocabulary features of Longhu Hakka dialect through comparison with surrounding dialects and substratum languages. Finally, understand the local development of Hakka dialects. Also, observe the effect of Xiang and Gan dialects on the Longhu Hakka dialect to summarize the features. The sixth chapter is the conclusion explaining the research achievement and putting forward advices and making a self-critism.

碩士 / 國立臺東大學 / 語文教育學系碩士班 / 96 / The research objects of this study are the initial Chinese textbooks and its exercise book about chinese phonic symbols for grade 1. Five versions are selected: National version(1999) by the National Institute for Compilation and Translation (NICT), Experiment version(Geese love singing)(2000) by Ban-Ciao Research Institute for Teachers, Kang-Shiuan version (2007) by Kang Shiuan Educational Publishing Group, Han Lin version(2007) by Han Lin PUBLISHING CO.,LTD., and Nan yi version(2007) by Nan yi Books Com. Content analysis is used to compare and analyze the Item and procedure arrangement for learning phonic symbols in these five versions. Research results are as follows: 1. Arrangement of learning procedures: In terms of the procedures of consonant learning, the Experiment version and NICT version are relatively in line with theories. As for the procedures of vowel learning, Nan yi version and the Experiment version accord with theories. With respect to the procedures of tone learning, the versions of NICT, the Experiment, and Kang Hsuan conform better to theories than others. The portion of symbol learning in individual lesson is, furthermore, well-arranged in both NICT and Experiment version. In addition, the portion of articulating method learning in each lesson is the main focus in NICT, Experiment, Han Lin, and Nani versions as well. 2. Concerning the arrangement of learning themes, there exist no distinct differences among various versions. Some common problems in various versions are the exercise of symbol listening and distinction, the explanation of written positions for tone symbols, and the instruction of practice methods for pronunciation correction. 3. Finally, based on the findings of this study, the portion of Chinese Initial Textbook of existing Grades 1-9 Curriculum is not condensed and thus learning items and procedures are not correspondingly adjusted even if the course hours have been reduced. Two recommendations are proposed: 1) Integration rhyme “io” and “iai,” “Ô” rhyme, and some difficult vocabularies characterized by tone sandhi should be eliminated; 2) Practice for duplicate and similar learning items in textbooks and exercise books should be avoided.

碩士 / 國立中央大學 / 客家語文研究所 / 98 / Some phonological phenomena in Wuhua(五華), a Hakka dialect in Guangdong province, draw our attention— retroflexed initials in Zhi(知) series, Xiao(曉)group, as well as part of Xi(溪), poor usage of medials in Grade III and closed rhymes, Shang tone(上聲) in ancient Qu(去聲) with voiced initials, and latter-word tone sandhi. These arouse our interest in deeper investigation of this dialect. So starts this research. We focus mainly on phonology. In Chapter 2 and 3, we discussed the phonology of Wuhua dialect,separately from synchronic and diachronic point of view. The outcome seems like a plentiful harvest. Wuhua dialect owns all common characteristics of Hakka dialect basically, and beyond that, it has another four distinguished phonological features in initials, finals, and tones. However, all phonological characteristics are not consistent from place to place in Wuhua. Roughly, in consequence, there should be a south-north separation in it. Taiwan as well abides Wuhua people who came from south Wuhua in Qing dynasty. The data got in Guangdong serves as a comparison to Wuhua dialect in Taiwan. We find that Taiwan Wuhua has changed much in initials, finals, and lexicons, possessing much similarity with neighboring Sixian(四縣) and Hailu(海陸). Only tones conserve as in Guangdong. Languages tend to assimilate with authoritative ones, and we see this in Wuhua dialect of Taiwan. One thing unexpected is seen when talking about lexical differences in Chapter 5. We found that lexically it shows east-west separation in Wuhua, which is quite different from the phonological point of view. And outwardly, lexicons in Wuhua show that Wuhua dialect is on the diaglossia that separates east and middle Guandong, and that distinguishes coast-side dialects from inland ones. Wuhua dialect is transitional; no matter we see it historically(as discussed in Chapter3) or geographically.

碩士 / 國立政治大學 / 語言學研究所 / 97 / This thesis attempts to analyze the pre-a1 tone change and hypocoristic -a2 suffix tone change in Taiwan Southern Min from the perspective of Optimality Theory and Harmonic Serialism, a derivational version of Classic OT. Classic OT, which implements parallelism, explicates the tone change phenomenon in one-step fashion. The two tonal variants of the pre-a1 and -a2 syllables can be accounted for through the constraint re-ranking in Cophonology Theory. The interaction between SHARE (t) and NOLONG (t) determines whether the terminal toneme will perform spreading in the pre-a1 tone change. In the -a2 suffix tone change, the interaction amongst SHARE, NOLONG and TONAL MARKEDNESS determines whether -a2 will receive a tone spread from the neighboring TBU or associate with a default L. Harmonic Serialism, which assumes harmonic improvement over the course of serial derivation, provides an alternative treatment for the pre-a1 tone change and -a2 suffix tone change. In Harmonic Serialism, the pre-a1 tonal alternation proceeds with three steps, viz. regular tone sandhi, register spreading and terminal toneme spreading. -a2 suffix tone change also requires three steps in terms of Harmonic Serialism, that is, featureless tone insertion in the first step; register spreading or low register insertion in the second step; and toneme spreading or low tonal feature insertion in the final step. Likewise, the ranking conditions between SHARE (t) and NOLONG (t) predict whether toneme will spread in the pre-a1 tone change. In the -a2 suffix tone change, the alternative rankings among SHARE, NOLONG, TONAL MARKEDNESS and REGISTER MARKEDNESS decide the application of tone spreading or default L insertion.

碩士 / 東吳大學 / 中國文學系 / 94 / Researches about Chinese dialects are now developing vigorously. However, researches comparing different dialects are not as many as the previous ones. The most common dialect in northern Guangdong is Hakka dialect, very close to the intersection between Min (Fujian), Yue (Guangdong) and Gan (Jiangxi) – the biggest Hakka dialect area, but research quantities are comparatively rare. Nowadays Yue dialect is gradually becoming the mainstream in northern Guangdong , and consequently affecting each other while contacting with Hakka dialect. Therefore, this research aims to compare the differences in phonology between Hakka dialect and Yue dialect in northern Guangdong , hoping to have the initial understanding of Hakka and Yue dialect in northern Guangdong , and to investigate the influence between Yue dialect and Hakka dialect. Research contents are as follows, Chapter I: Research motivation, purpose, method declaring and historical geographic introduction and relative literature review. Chapter II: First generally introduce Hakka and Yue dialect area spreading, then introduce in detail about Hakka and Yue dialect area spreading and forming in northern Guangdong . Chapter III: This chapter aims to describe the phonology in Hakka and Yue dialect in northern Guangdong, including some discussions about phoneme and literary and colloquial readings, tone sandhi analysis and comparison. Chapter IV: Establish phonetic chart for the basis for comparison and analysis. Chapter V: This chapter aims to compare Hakka dialect with Yue dialect in northern Guangdong in initial, final and tone, and makes the comparison with the Middle Chinese phonemic system for better understanding of chronic and synchronic trend. Chapter VI: Addressing on some important phonology problems on the basis of the previous chapter. Chapter VII: The conclusion of the research result on the similarities and dissimilarities of Hakka dialect and Yue dialect in northern Guangdong and grouping problems.

碩士 / 國立臺灣師範大學 / 台灣文化及語言文學研究所在職進修碩士班 / 98 / On October 14, 2006, the Ministry of Education issued a proclamation titled, “Taiwanese Romanization scheme.” Thirty months later, researchers distributed questionnaire-based surveys to a sample of elementary school teachers, attending conferences during the summer vacation. They followed this up with interviews to cover the qualitative aspects of the study. The purpose of these surveys was to determine how easily the new Taiwanese phonetic system could be taught, and identify the major hurdles in its adaptation. They targeted elementary school teachers, asking them to provide answers based on their previous experience with the system. The results of this study may serve as a reference for future policy decisions, and/or research on the topic. The results of this study indicated that: 1. Of the people who completed the survey, 72.8% were aware of the announcement made by the Ministry of Education. 2. Only 16.8% of those felt that they had themselves completely adapted to the new system. 3. A majority of those (63.2%) believed that Taiwanese Romanization should be adopted as the standard system in Taiwan. 4. Respondents with lower Taiwanese ability found the tone sandhi the most difficult to adapt, while respondents with higher Taiwanese ability found tone the most difficult to adapt. 5. Respondents who were adapting to the new Taiwanese phonetic system hoped to have increased learning opportunities such as study groups or improved teaching materials.

碩士 / 長庚大學 / 電機工程研究所 / 88 / In this thesis, we’ll demonstrate a Taiwanese (Min-nan) text-to-speech (TTS) system based on automatically generated synthetic units. It can read out any modern Taiwanese articles rather naturally. This TTS system is composed of 3 functional modules, namely a text analysis module, a prosody module, and a waveform synthesis module. Modern Taiwanese texts consist of Chinese characters and English alphabets simultaneously. For this reason, the text analysis module should be able to deal with the Chinese-English mixed texts first of all. In this module, text normalization, words segmentation, letter-to-phonemes and word frequency are used to deal with the multi-pronunciation. The prosody module process tone sandhi appearance and phonetic variation in Taiwanese. The synthetic units in the waveform synthesis module come from 2 sources: (1) the isolated-uttered tonal syllables including all possible tonal variations in Taiwanese, totally about 4521 in numbers, (2) the automatically generated synthetic units from a designated speech corpus. We employ a HMM-based large vocabulary Taiwanese speech recognition system to do the forced alignment for the speech corpus. The short pause recognition was proposed in the recognition system. After the synthesis units string has been extracted, the inter-syllable coarticulation information will be applied to decide how to concatenation these units. After the energy normalization, the output speech was generated. We evaluate our system on automatically segmented speech. Comparing with the human segmentation, about 85% correct rate can be achieved. The system was already implemented on a PC running MS-windows 9x/NT/2000.

碩士 / 國立中央大學 / 客家語文研究所 / 100 / We focus on phonology, investigating the Hakka Dialects of Hunan Pingjiangxian Huangjindong, Youxian Luanshan（including Nanan village and Caolian village）, and Xintianxian Menlouxiaxian. These places are distributed by Chen Li-zhong, who did not investigate, in the Northern, Western, and Southern of Hunan Hakka Dialects. We discussed the phonology of Hunan Hakka Dialects. We try to analyze the phonological phenomenons of Huangjindong, Luanshan, and Menlouxiaxian, separately from synchronic and diachronic point of view. There are seven chapters in the article. The first chapter is the introduction. It specifies the study motives and goals, study methods and steps, related references, the places of dialects, and targeted people, and so on. The second chapter is the phonetic system of Huangjindong, Luanshan, and Menlouxiaxian about consonants, vowels, tones, and tone sandhi. The third chapter describes the differences between Huangjindong, Luanshan, and Menlouxiaxian and Middle Ancient Chinese from point of view of Qieyun. The fourth chapter is the special points of Huangjindong, Luanshan, and Menlouxiaxian, which are stated the relationships among them and compared the differences of internal part. The fifth chapter is comparative research of phonology in Hunan Hakka Dialects about the same and different features. And the sixth chapter is to compare Huangjindong, Luanshan, and Menlouxiaxian with Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi Hakka dialects, and explain the same and different features among them. The seventh chapter, we generalized the conclusions from a collection of instances which are distinguishable phonetic systems and special points, and we will coordinate the research achievements and its deficiency.